Lev Landau: Biography emfushane, umnikelo isayensi

Lev Landau (iminyaka yokuphila - 1908-1968) - lo physics omkhulu Soviet, owazalwa ngo-Baku. Ungumnikazi eziningi ucwaningo ezithakazelisayo nokutholakala. Ungakwazi yini ukuphendula umbuzo, Lev Landau bakhe bathola uMklomelo KaNobel? Kulesi sihloko sizoxoxa impumelelo yayo futhi amaqiniso oluchaza eziyisisekelo.

Umsuka Lev Landau

Ungakhuluma isikhathi eside mayelana izazi ezinjengo Lev Landau. Iminyaka yokuphila, umsebenzi kanye sifinyelele lo physics - bonke abafundi ngokuqinisekile nesithakazelo. Asiqale kusukela ekuqaleni - kusukela umsuka usosayensi esizayo.

Wazalwa emndenini Love noDavide Landau. Uyise wayengumGreki petroleum unjiniyela sasivumela owaziwa. Wayesebenza emasimini uwoyela. Njengoba lo mama, oqeqeshiwe, wayengumhlali udokotela. Kuyaziwa ukuthi lo muntu wesifazane kwenziwe ucwaningo bokuphila. Njengoba ubona, Lev Landau kwakungokwelambu umndeni abafundile. Udadewabo omdala, ngasendleleni, isibe unjiniyela zamakhemikhali.

kweminyaka eminingi yocwaningo

Lev Davidovich efunda esikoleni esiphakeme, okuyinto lolungenamaphutsa iziqu eneminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-13. abazali wakhe wanquma ukuthi indodana yabo ngisesemncani khulu ukufunda esikhungweni semfundo ephakeme. Ngakho banquma ukuba umthume unyaka owodwa e Baku Economic Technical School. Khona-ke, ngo-1922, wabe esengeniswa-University of Baku. Lapha Lev Landau wafunda chemistry yemvelo. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, Lev Davidovich wayiswa University of Leningrad, eMnyangweni Physics.

Umsebenzi wokuqala yesayensi, cwaningo postgraduate

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-nesishiyagalolunye kakade Landau isibe nombhali amaphepha ezine yesayensi eziye zanyatheliswa. Kwenye yalezo amaphepha okuthiwa i-matrix ukuminyana yasetshenziselwa okokuqala. Leli gama kulezizinsuku kabanzi. Bachazwa yi quantum amandla uthi. Landau iziqu University ngo-1927. Wabe wabhalisa iziqu ngo-Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute. Kulesi sikole, wasebenza phezu electrodynamics quantum futhi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela electron kazibuthe.

ngezebhizinisi

Esikhathini kusuka ngo-1929 kuya 1931 kwaba umsebenzi yesayensi Lev Landau. Iminyaka yokuphila, umsebenzi kanye nokufinyelela usosayensi ixhunyaniswe Ukubambisana eduze nozakwabo bakwamanye amazwe. Ngakho, phakathi nohambo, wahamba waya eSwitzerland, eJalimane, eNetherlands, England nase-Denmark. Phakathi nale minyaka engu ayehlangana nabo, wajwayelana abasunguli we quantum Mechanics, eyayisanda kufika yavela. Phakathi ososayensi, elalihlanganyela Landau, kwaba Wolfgang Pauli uWerner Heisenberg futhi Niels Bohr. Iya kuhlale Lev Davidovich igcinwe imizwa friendly for konke ukuphila kwakhe. Lokhu usosayensi is ikakhulukazi kakhulu ukuthonywa Landau.

Lev Davidovich, ngenkathi phesheya kwenziwe ucwaningo ebalulekile electron mahhala (izakhiwo zabo kazibuthe). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kanye Peierls wayeqhubela ucwaningo futhi relativistic quantum Mechanics. Ngenxa yalo msebenzi Lev Landau, anomsebenzi ukuthi nozakwethu angaphandle nesithakazelo, elalibhekwa njengesinye ehola zesayensi theory. Izazi zesayensi ziye zafunda ukuthi ingabhekana kanjani le izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu theory. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kamuva yikhono ke Ukugunda kakhulu uma Landau waqala kokwenza ucwaningo aphansi-lokushisa physics.

Ukudlulela laseKharkov

Lev Davidovich ngo-1931 waphindela e-Leningrad. Nokho, maduzane nje, uKristu banquma ukuthuthela laseKharkov, ngaleso sikhathi eyayiyinhloko-dolobha ye-Ukraine. Lapha, usosayensi ababesebenza esikhumulweni Ukrainian Physico-Technical Institute, wayengumholi Jikelele eMnyangweni wakhe theory. Kanyekanye Lev Davidovich kwaba inhloko uMnyango Theoretical Physics eNyuvesi laseKharkov kanye laseKharkov Institute of Mechanical Engineering. Ngo-1934, elase-USSR Academy of Sciences ukhishwa kuye degree of Doctor of Sciences Physical futhi Mathematical. Ukuze wenze lokhu, Landau kwakungadingeki ngisho noma babevikela ocwaningeni yakhe. Isihloko Uprofesa waklonyeliswa ngonyaka olandelayo ukuze izazi ezinjengo Lev Landau.

Umsebenzi ligcwale zonke izindawo entsha isayensi. Landau eKharkov uye wanyathelisa ngezihloko ezifana ukuhlakazeka umsindo, umsuka amandla lezinkanyezi, ekusakazekeni ukukhanya, ukudluliswa kwamandla okwenzeka ukushayisana, umumo wokwakha, izakhiwo kazibuthe ngezinto ezahlukene kanye nabanye. Ngenxa yalokhu, yena waziwa njengomzalwane umhlaziyi, ine izithakazelo yesayensi enemisebenzi ngokungavamile.

Isici esiphawulekayo imisebenzi Landau sika

Kamuva, lapho kwakukhona physics plasma, Landau enikelwe izinhlayiya uxhumana kagesi, kwaba usizo kakhulu. Ukuboleka kusukela imiqondo wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto usosayensi abanye wenze eziningi imibono ezintsha aphansi-lokushisa izinhlelo. Mangisho ukuthi wonke umsebenzi Landau libhekene isici esisodwa esibalulekile - a virtuoso usebenzisa amathuluzi IiMbalo isixazululo ezinkingeni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lev Landau negalelo elikhulu tiyori quantum kanye ekuhloleni nokuxhumana imvelo nezinhlayiyana aphansi.

Lev Landau esikoleni

Ububanzi yocwaningo lwakhe ubanzi ngempela. Khangela, basibekele cishe zonke izindawo ezinkulu physics theory. Ngenxa yalesi nobubanzi izithakazelo zakhe usosayensi othile ukhangwa laseKharkov abanamakhono ososayensi abaningi abasha futhi lwabafundi abakhaliphile. Phakathi kwawo kwakunodade owayesuka Lifshits evgeniy Mihaylovich, kamuva owaba ilungu Lva Davidovicha kanye nomngane wakhe oseduze kakhulu. Lesi sikole siye isinyenyela Lev Landau, Kharkiv yaphenduka omunye izikhungo ehola physics theory e-USSR.

Usosayensi yayiqiniseka ukuthi semithetho yesayensi yemvelo kumele kahle ababeyizazi zonke izindawo nesayensi. Kuze kube yimanje, Lev Davidovich uhlelo ezinzima kakhulu ukuqeqeshwa. Wabiza hlelo "okungenani theory". Abafakizicelo abafisa iqhaza kulo mhlangano, eholwa kuye, kwakumelwe bahlangabezane nezimfuneko eliphezulu kakhulu. Engingakusho nje ukuthi eminyakeni engu-30, naphezu comers eziningi, abantu 40 kuphela kudlule ukuhlolwa kwi "okungenani theory". Nokho, labo ababenze ke, Lev Davidovich generously wanika isikhathi nokunakekela kwabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkululeko ephelele ukukhetha wanikezwa kubo lapho ukhetha isihloko ucwaningo.

Ukudalwa theory Physics Yiqiniso

Landau Lev Davidovich zigcinwe kobungane nobudlelwane nabasebenzi bayo nabafundi. ngothando Babiza isazi Dau. Ukuze awasize ngo-1935, Lev Davidovich wadala Yiqiniso enemininingwane physics theory. It yanyatheliswa ngokuhlanganyela Landau E. M. Lifshitsem futhi kwakugcwele izincwadi. abalobi yabo okuqukethwe ukuvuselela bese ubukeza amakhasi eminye iminyaka engu-20. Kwakuqala ukwanda okukhulu ngokusiza lezi zinzuzo. Aye lahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningi. Okwamanje, lezi zincwadi umthetho ezibhekwa zabuna. Ngo-1962, i-ukudalwa course ngu Landau futhi Lifshitz wathola Lenin Prize.

Ukusebenza Kapitsa

Lev Davidovich ngo-1937, basabela esimemweni Petra Kapitsy (isithombe wakhe uvezwa kamuva) futhi waba inhloko yalawa uMnyango physics theory ngesikhathi eMoscow Isikhungo Izinkinga Physical, okudalwe ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa ngonyaka olandelayo usosayensi waboshwa. ngobende kwaba ukuthi waziphatha ubunhloli esivuna eJalimane. ngiyabonga kuphela ukungenela Kapitza, ngubani uqobo badlulisela icala ezibiyele, Lev Landau wadedelwa.

Lapho Landau lisuswe kusuka laseKharkov eMoscow, Kapitsa nje waziphatha ucwaningo nge -helium ketshezi. Uma izinga lokushisa lehla ngezansi 4.2 K (lokushisa ngokuphelele ulinganiswa kelvins, futhi kukalwa kusukela -273,18 ° C, isb kusukela ngokuphelele zero), helium igesi iba ketshezi. Kuleli zinga-ke kubizwa ngokuthi helium-1. Uma izinga lokushisa komzimba lingaphansi ukuba 2.17 K, sibuyisela ukuba uketshezi, bebhekisela kukho ngokuthi helium-2. It has kakhulu izakhiwo. Helium-2 uyakwazi kalula egeleza ukuvuleka kulencane. Kubonakala sengathi viscosity ke engekho nhlobo. Into likhwela odongeni bomkhumbi, njengokungathi amandla adonsela phansi akuphazamisi kuye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, conductivity yayo ezishisayo okukhulu ngaphandle conductivity ezishisayo zethusi kuyinto kaningi. Kapitsa yanquma ngokuthi helium-2 superfluid ketshezi. Nokho, lapho ukuhlolwa utholakale ukuthi viscosity akuyona zero.

Ososayensi baye basikisela ukuthi le ndlela yokuziphatha engavamile alichaza imithelela okuyizinto endaweni kungukuthi physics classical futhi imfundiso quantum. Le miphumela kungenzeka nje kuphela ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi. Ngokuvamile abazi beze ukudla okuqinile, njengoba izinto eziningi kwi freezer ngaphansi kwalezi zimo. Ukukhethwa kuyinto helium. Le into zero ngokuphelele uhlala ketshezi uma kungenziwanga ngaphansi kwengcindezi okusezingeni eliphezulu. László iTisza ngo-1938 godu basikisela ukuthi eqinisweni helium uketshezi - inhlanganisela izinhlobo ezimbili: i-helium-2 (superfluid) ne-helium-1 (uketshezi evamile). Lapho izinga lokushisa lehla kuya eduze zero ngokuphelele, ingxenye yokuqala kuba evelele. Lo mbono uchaza ukubukeka viscosity ezahlukene ezimeni ezahlukahlukene.

Landau wachaza lo mkhuba superfluidity

Lev Landau, Biography emfushane echaza kuphela impumelelo yayo esemqoka, abakwazanga ukukuchaza lo mkhuba superfluidity, usebenzisa ama-apharathasi entsha ngokuphelele zezibalo. Abanye ososayensi baye bancika quantum Mechanics, esetshenziswa ukuhlaziya ukuziphatha kwama-atom ngamunye. Landau futhi babuyekeze isimo quantum ketshezi cishe iyafana uma babuqinile. Wafaka phambili umbono wokuthi kukhona izingxenye ezimbili excitation, noma ukunyakaza. Eyokuqala yalezi - kuyinto phonons, okuyinto ichaza esiphelweni evamile rectilinear ka amaza omsindo at amagugu eliphansi amandla futhi umfutho. Okwesibili - rotons echaza ezinyakazayo ukujikeleza. Lesi sakamuva uwukubonakaliswa ngaphezulu eyinkimbinkimbi excitations ezenzeka ngehora amandla ephakeme kanye nomfutho. I usosayensi odumile ukuthi izenzakalo waphawula zingachazwa ngezinqubo le roton futhi phonon iminikelo kanye nokuxhumana yabo.

Landau wagomela ngokuthi helium ketshezi kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha ingxenye "okuvamile," okuyinto shí superfluid "isizinda". singakuchaza kanjani iqiniso lokuthi helium ketshezi sizophelelwa yisikhathi ngokusebenzisa igebe ewumngcingo? I usosayensi odumile ukuthi kuphela ingxenye superfluid kulokhu ageleza. A rotons phonons futhi kungqubuzana izindonga, esaziwa kubo.

Inani kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela Landau

Landau theory, futhi sithuthukise ke waba nendima ebaluleke kakhulu isayensi. Ziyakwazi akulula ukuchaza izenzakalo kugujwe, kodwa kunamasiko yabikezela nabanye abambalwa. Esinye isibonelo - kuyinto Lokusakaza amagagasi ezimbili kokuba izakhiwo ezahlukene futhi wabhekisela njengoba umsindo wokuqala nowesibili. Umsindo yokuqala amagagasi abavamile umsindo, kuyilapho yesibili wave ezishisayo. Siyabonga tiyori akhiwa Landau, ososayensi bakwazi ukwenza inqubekela phambili ebonakalayo ukuqonda uhlobo umumo wokwakha.

Phakathi kwempi yezwe yesibili futhi ngemva kwempi

Lev Davidovich ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, wafundiswa ukuqhuma esivuthayo. Ikakhulukazi, abanesifiso kuye amagagasi ukushaqeka. Ngemva-May 1945 futhi kuze 1962 usosayensi abasebenza imisebenzi ehlukene. Ikakhulukazi lapho uphenyo ezingavamile helium IKhompyuthaYami nokuba atomic weight 3 (ngokuvamile isisindo salo 4). Lev Davidovich labikezela khona kwalesi IKhompyuthaYami for uhlobo olusha wave esiphelweni. "Umsindo zero" - ngakho wawuqamba Lev Davidovich Landau. Umlando wakhe ephawulwe, ngaphezu, iqhaza ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane ibhomu le-athomu kokuphindela eSoviet Union.

Ukuphahlazeka, uMklomelo KaNobel futhi iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-53 waze wangena engozini yemoto ngenxa ayamukela ukulimala kabi. Baningi odokotela ukuphuma ngaphansi kweSoviet Union, France, Canada, eCzechoslovakia, walwa ngenxa yokuphila usosayensi othile. Wahlala phansi yaquleka amasonto 6. Phakathi nezinyanga ezintathu ngemuva kwengozi yemoto angizange ngikwazi ukubona ngisho eduze Lev Landau. UMklomelo KaNobel waklonyeliswa kuye ngo-1962. Nokho, ngenxa yezizathu zempilo wayengasaboni ukuya Stockholm ukuyithola. Esikhathini isithombe ngezansi ungabona Landau nomkakhe esibhedlela.

Umklomelo waklonyeliswa usosayensi e Moscow. Ngemva kwalokho Lev Davidovich waphila iminyaka 6, kodwa ukubuya uyicwaninga wehluleka. Lev Landau washona ngo eMoscow ngenxa yokulimala kwakhe.

Landau umndeni

Usosayensi ngo-1937 washada Drobantsevoy Concordia, inqubo unjiniyela emkhakheni umkhakha ukudla. Lona wesifazane kwaba bomdabu laseKharkov. Iminyaka, impilo yakhe yonke - 1908-1984. Umndeni watala indvodzana, kamuva owaba physics isahlolwa futhi wasebenza Institute for Izinkinga Physical. Esikhathini isithombe ngezansi ubala Landau nendodana yakhe.

Lena konke kungaba kutjelwa izazi ezinjengo Lev Landau. Umlando wakhe, yebo, kuhlanganisa kuphela amaqiniso ayisisekelo. Eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma edala kubenzima ukuthi umfundi ungakulungele. Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko kuphela kafushane wakhuluma ngendlela okwenza abadumile Lev Landau. Biography nokufeza lososayensi zisekhona Sinesithakazelo esikhulu emhlabeni wonke.