Zonke Mendeleev ukuvula

usosayensi Russian Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) Waziwa kakhulu umthetho lezakhi izakhi zamakhemikhali, etafuleni selakhiwe ngesisekelo ayejwayelene nazo ukuze umuntu ngamunye namanje esikoleni. Kodwa eqinisweni, usosayensi omkhulu wayenesithakazelo ezihlukahlukene izindawo ulwazi. UMendeleyev Ukutholwa elihlobene ne-chemistry, i-physics, Metrology, ezomnotho, yokuma komhlaba, imfundo, yamabhanoyi futhi t. D.

umthetho gqwa

umthetho Periodic - omunye imithetho eyisisekelo yendalo. It itholakala lokuthi ukuthi izakhiwo izakhi zamakhemikhali zincike isisindo sabo athomu. Mendeleev wathola umthetho gqwa ngo-1869. Yenza yabo revolution yesayensi lwamukelwa ngokomthetho uMkhandlu-bamakhemikhali ngesikhathi esisodwa.

abacwaningi Russian baye basikisela uhlelo umthetho-kubuswa, lapho kungenzeka ukuba sibikezele ezingaziwa uma izakhi zamakhemikhali ngisho impahla yabo. Ngemva kokuvula zabo ngokushesha (kuba gallium, germanium futhi scandium), ososayensi ezivela emhlabeni wonke baqala ukuqaphela isimo esiyisisekelo umthetho gqwa.

ukutholakala Mendeleev senzeka ngesikhathi lapho isayensi is ahlanganiswe amaqiniso amasha zihlakazeke kwezwe elisizungezile. Ngenxa yalokhu, umthetho gqwa eyakhelwe ngesisekelo etafuleni lezakhi izakhi babhekene nezinselele ezinzima. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1890. Kwatholakala amagesi enhle, lo mkhuba radioactivity. Ukuvikela umbono wakhe Mendeleev baqhubeka ukuthuthukisa etafuleni, ngokuqhathanisa ngayo yonke amaqiniso amasha ngokwesayensi. Ngo-1900, umthaki ukubeka argon, helium ne analogue yabo iqembu elihlukile zero. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isimo esiyisisekelo umthetho gqwa laliya ezingasho ezithile, namuhla ibhekwa angenye yezinto enkulu emlandweni ngesayensi yemvelo.

ucwaningo silicate

umthetho Periodic - yikhasi ebaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wesayensi, kodwa kokutholakala Mendeleev kwamakhemikhali kwakungeyona ukuphela. Ngo-1854 wafundiswa orthite Finnish futhi pyroxene. Libuye omunye ngemijikelezo imisebenzi uMendeleyev enikelwe ukwakheka kwezinto silicates. Ngo-1856, usosayensi eshicilelwe mqondo "ivolumu Specific" (njengoba ihlolwe ubudlelwano phakathi yokuthi liphansi izinga kanye izici zayo). Esahlukweni ku Silica compounds uDmitry Ivanovich wenaba ubunjalo silicates. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uJehova waqale wanika incazelo enembile lomkhuba isimo lwengilazi.

igesi

ukutholakala Sakudala Mendeleev abangu ihlobene nenye zamakhemikhali ngokomzimba ngesikhathi esifanayo isihloko - isifundo amagesi. Usosayensi wayezikhonza, ugxile ucinge izimbangela umthetho PERIODICITY. Ekhulwini XIX emkhakheni wesayensi bekulokhu theory eziholayo "ether izwe" - medium zonke-esandile okuyothi idluliselwe ukushisa, ukukhanya namandla adonsela phansi.

Ngokutadisha lo mbono, umcwaningi Russian wafika ezinye iziphetho ezibaluleke. Ngakho mbobo physics gqwa, main okungase ngokuthi ekahle igesi kwesibalo ukubukeka ne jikelele igesi njalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uDmitri Ivanovich siqu lokushisa thermodynamic isikali kwahlongozwa.

Ubude Mendeleev eshicilelwe 54 imisebenzi enikelwe amagesi futhi uketshezi. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke kwakuyi "izwe ether Experience chemical imiqondo" kule mjikelezo (1904) kanye "Ukuzama ukuqonda chemical aether izwe" (1905). Emsebenzini wabo, ososayensi baye basebenzisa virialnye isethulo futhi ngaleyo ndlela wabeka izisekelo zibalo yesimanje amagesi yangempela.

izixazululo

Dmitri Mendeleev wayenesithakazelo izixazululo kulo umsebenzi wakhe ngokwesayensi. Umcwaningi kulesi sihloko akuwenzanga umbono ephelele, kodwa kungagcini iziphakamiso ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo. Iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu mayelana izixazululo ecabange ubuhlobo babo zezakhi, chemistry kanye le yakhoibrium chemical izixazululo.

Zonke Mendeleev kokuvula wabalinga ngokusebenzisa zokucwaninga. Ezinye zazo ukhathazekile ukuvala abacaphuni izixazululo. Ngokusebenzisa ezinemininingwane ukuhlaziywa izindikimba Mendeleev unyaka 1860 wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi, odlulayo ngaphansi Reflux umusi, uketshezi ilahlekelwa nokuvutha vaporization kanye ukungezwani surface phansi zero. Futhi, ososayensi Dmitri Ivanovich izisombululo ukuthonywa ukwakheka theory of electrolyte izixazululo.

Mendeleev abagxeka esavela isikhathi sakhe ngale ndlela ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela dissociation electrolytic. Ngaphandle ekwenqabeleni kakhulu umqondo, usosayensi bakhomba isidingo wokubuyekeza yayo, okwakubekelwa kuhlobane ngokuqondile imisebenzi yakhe izixazululo zamakhemikhali.

Iqhaza yamabhanoyi

Dmitri Mendeleev, okwatholwa impumelelo ezimboze ezinhlakeni ezahlukene ulwazi lomuntu, nesithakazelo kuphela izifundo ze-theory, kodwa ezisunguliwe uyasetshenziswa. I ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XIX kwaphawulwa isithakazelo zandiswe yamabhanoyi nascent. Yiqiniso, isazi-Russian akakwazanga ukumsiza kodwa banake ubunjalo esizayo. Ngo 1875 edala lowo msebenzi wakhe wokwakha esemkhathini siqu. Ngo-mbono, divayisi ukukhuphuka ngisho ku elingenhla izingqimba ozungeze umhlaba wethu. Ekusebenteni, ngendiza yokuqala yenzeka iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu kuphela kamuva.

Enye okusungulile Mendeleev ayelungisa izinjini ibhaluni. Aeronautics ososayensi nesithakazelo, hhayi okungenani maqondana nomunye umsebenzi wakhe ezihlobene-meteorology kanye nolwazi amagesi. Ngo-1887, Mendeleev wenza indiza yokuhlola in a ibhaluni. Ibhaluni ephethwe ukumboza ibanga amakhilomitha 100 endaweni engamamitha cishe 4 amakhilomitha. Phakathi wemithi indiza ethola aerostatic indondo yegolide French Academy of meteorology. Ngo wokulandisa yakhe ukumelana yezindaba imvelo, Mendeleev abazinikezele yamabhanoyi omunye izigaba lapho kuchazwa ngokuningiliziwe imibono yakhe ngale ndaba. isithakazelo Scientific entuthukweni zezindiza iphayona Alexander Mozhaiskogo.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-North kanye shipbuilding

ukutholakala, osetshenziswayo Mendeleev sika uhlu ezingasetshenziswa ukuqhubeka beyizo emkhakheni shipbuilding, wenza ngokubambisana neNhlangano ezindawo mikhankaso ucwaningo. Ngakho, uDmitri Ivanovich wokuqala ohlongozwayo umbono of tank yokudonsa - ukusetha zokuhlola adingekayo izifundo Hydro-mechanical umkhumbi onobuhle. Ekusebentiseni imibono lokhu usosayensi sasiza Admiral UStepan Makarov. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ichibi kwakudingeka ingeyezentengiso nezempi-lobuchwepheshe, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, siye sazibonakalisa ewusizo isayensi. Kokulinganisa yokusetha umkhankaso ngo-1894.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, Mendeleev wakha prototype ekuqaleni we ophihliza iqhwa. Usosayensi kwahlanganiswa ikhomishana wakhetha iphrojekthi ukuhlinzekwa komphakathi wokuqala emhlabeni lowo mkhumbi. Agcina eseyinto ophihliza iqhwa "Ermak" Umkhankaso ngo 1898. Mendeleev eyingoduso ocwaningweni lamanzi olwandle (kuhlanganise kwabantu bayo). Indaba for the ukulitadisha osinikeza esifanayo, u-Admiral Makarov, owayesesimweni ukuvakasha jikelele we "Vityaz". ukutholakala Mendeleev e-geography, mayelana nodaba yokunqotshwa of the North, banikezwe ukuba ososayensi emisebenzini wanyathelisa kuka 36.

Metrology

Ngaphezu neminye imikhakha yesayensi, Mendeleev nentshisekelo Metrology - yezinto izindlela nezindlela zokulinganisa. Ososayensi abasebenza ukuthuthukisa izindlela ezintsha yokukukala. Njengoba wemithi, bathi wayeyingane efana nezinye advocate izindlela zokulinganisa zamakhemikhali. ukutholakala Mendeleev sika, uhlu okwakubekelwa agcwaliswa njalo ngonyaka, kwakungewona nje kwesayensi, kodwa njengoba zinjalo - e 1893, uDmitri Ivanovich wavula Main Chamber of Izisindo neRussia. Wabuye yasungulwa siqu umklamo kanye detent rocker yayo.

pyrocollodion

Ngo-1890, uDmitry Mendeleyev waqhubeka uhambo olude phesheya, injongo okwakukhona ngijwayele laboratories angaphandle sokuthuthukiswa iziqhumane. Usosayensi wasiphakamisa ngale ndaba nokufakwa isimo. Admiralty wacelwa ukuba neqhaza ekuthuthukiseni Russian ibhizinisi neziqhumane. Umqalisi uhambo Mendeleev kwaba Vice-Admiral UNikolai Chikhachev.

Mendeleev babekholelwa ukuthi porohodelii yasekhaya kudingeka kakhulu ukuthuthukisa ohlangothini kwezomnotho kanye nezohwebo. Waphikelela nokuba ekusetshenzisweni enkulu ekwakhekeni of izinto zokusetshenziswa kuphela Russian. Umphumela eyinhloko umsebenzi Dmitri Mendeleev kule ndawo kwaba ukuthuthukiswa nabo 1892, i-pyrocollodion entsha, Okwaphawuleka for ongenantuthu yayo. ochwepheshe Military adunyiswe ikhwalithi iziqhumane. I pyrocollodion engavamile kwaba ngezithako zawo, okubandakanya solubility ezithandwa of nitrocellulose. Ukulungisa ukukhiqizwa powder entsha, Mendeleev wayefuna ngiwunike a ukubuyisa uhlaliseke. Ukuze wenze lokhu, enkulu ekwakhekeni iziqhumane reagents ezengeziwe, kuhlanganise zonke izinhlobo izithasiselo yasetshenziswa.

umnotho

Uma uthi nhlá, ekutholakaleni Mendeleev eziphilayo noma Metrology ongakaphathelani umfanekiso waso we wemithi odumile. Nokho, ngisho kude ngaphezulu kusukela usosayensi ucwaningo isayensi besishumayela umnotho. Bona uDmitry Ivanovich uyazicabangela ngokuningiliziwe iziqondiso ukuthuthukiswa umnotho wezwe. Emuva ngo-1867, wahlanganyela inhlangano yokuqala ezifuywayo osomabhizinisi - Society for the Promotion of Russian Industry and Trade.

Mendeleev wabona ikusasa emnothweni ekuthuthukiseni cooperatives ezimele nemiphakathi. Lokhu kuyaqhubeka yayisho kwekuhlela kabusha ethize. Ngokwesibonelo, ososayensi babonisa ukwenza umphakathi akuyona ezolimo nje, kodwa umatasa ifektri umsebenzi ngesikhathi ebusika, lapho amasimu akunalutho. UDmitry Ivanovich kuqhathaniswa resales futhi zonke izinhlobo ukufunisela. Ngo-1891, wahlanganyela ukuthuthukiswa entsha Customs Imali ekhokhelwa.

Umumo okhululekile futhi Ukucwaninga

UMendeleyev, ogama okutholakele emkhakheni wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali akusibekele impumelelo yakhe kule humanities, zonke izifundo zabo zomnotho efundelwa ezikwenzayo okuwusizo ngokuphelele lokusiza Russia. Kule ndaba, usosayensi kwaba tekuvikela uhambisane (ukuthi, ngokwesibonelo, kubonakala emisebenzini yakhe embonini kanye porohodeliya izincwadi zakhe siqu Tsar uNicholas II).

Mendeleev wafunda ezomnotho kukhona isici ngobuhlanga nabakuthandayo. Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe ejele kwesinye imisebenzi yakhe waveza ukuthi ngo 2050, labantu waseRussia abantu abayizigidi 800. Isibikezelo usosayensi baba utopia ngemva kwezimpi zezwe ezimbili kanye nempi yombango, ukucindezelwa kanye nezinye izinhlekelele hit izwe ekhulwini XX.

ukuphikisa zokusebenzelana nemimoya

Engxenyeni ye XIX leminyaka Russia wesibili, njengoba kunjalo nangazo zonke emhlabeni, wahlasela fashion nezimfihlakalo. Esoteric uyakuthanda izithunywa zomphakathi okusezingeni eliphezulu, bohemian, futhi abavamile basemadolobheni. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ukutholakala Mendeleev kwamakhemikhali, uhlu esakhiwa iqoqo amaphuzu, akusibekele umzabalazo kwakhe isikhathi eside spiritualism ke ethandwa.

izindlela Scientific wadalula abanemimoya kanye nozakwethu kusukela Russian Physical Society. Ngochunge ucwaningo nge manometer kanye mbhoshongo amatafula, kanye namanye amathuluzi Abathwebuli Mendeleyev saphetha ngokuthi spiritualism kanye efanayo imikhuba - kuphela izinkolelo-ze, lapho inzuzo befisa lamasela.