Electrolyte izixazululo

electrolyte izixazululo uketshezi ekhethekile okuyizinto kancane noma ngokuphelele ngesimo izinhlayiya icala (ion). kakhulu Inqubo yehlukanise molecule omubi (anions) nangendlela eyakhayo icala (cations) yizinhlayiyana okuthiwa ama dissociation electrolytic. Dissociation isixazululo kungenzeka kuphela ngenxa ikhono athomu ukuze uxhumane molecule ketshezi polar okuyinto ethatha kuphela.

Yiziphi electrolyte

Electrolyte izixazululo zihlukaniswe aqueous futhi okungezona aqueous. Amanzi wafunda kahle futhi kwakuthé chithi saka kakhulu. Ziyakwazi cishe zonke izinto eziphilayo ukuphila futhi babehileleke ezibalulekile izinqubo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo. electrolyte Non-aqueous isicelo izinqubo electrochemical futhi ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali. Ukusebenzisa kwabo kuye kwabaholela ekubeni bangenele kokusungulwa entsha imithombo chemical amandla. Badlala indima ebalulekile amaseli photoelectrochemical, zamagama organic, capacitors electrolytic.

Electrolyte izixazululo, kuncike ngezinga elithile dissociation zingahlukaniswa zibe namandla, aphakathi nendawo kanye ababuthakathaka. dissociation degree (α) - yiyona isilinganiso yezinhlayiya ephukile izinhlayiya icala lonke inani ama-molecule. Ngo electrolyte eqinile-alpha ukubaluleka eduze 1, ngesikhathi α≈0,3 phakathi, kanye α ababuthakathaka <0.1.

Ngu ngokuvamile electrolyte eqinile zihlanganisa nosawoti, eziningana acid ezithile - HCl, HBr, HI, HNO _3, H ₂ SO _4, HClO _4, hydroxides ka barium yombala, Sesithombe, calcium izinsimbi alikhali. Okunye isizinda kanye acid - electrolyte medium noma amandla ababuthakathaka.

Izakhiwo electrolyte izixazululo

izixazululo Ezemfundo zivame ukuhambisana imiphumela ezishisayo kanye izinguquko ekuphakameni kwezwi. Inqubo Ukuqedwa le electrolyte oketshezini senzeka ngezigaba ezintathu:

1. Ukubhujiswa izibopho zamakhemikhali electrolyte aphakathi ziyoncibilika kudinga kubiza ethile namandla ngakhoke ukushisa ukumuncwa kwenzeka _(kancane? H> 0).
2. Kulo sinyathelo, uketshezi iqala ukuze uxhumane ion electrolyte, okuholela kwetinhlavu solvates (e ikhambi aqueous - hydrates). Le nqubo ibizwa futhi aziwa solvation exothermic, isb exotherm kwenzeka (Δ H _hydr <0).
3. Isigaba sokugcina - okusheshayo. Lokhu ukusatshalaliswa umfaniswano hydrates (solvates) ikhambi ngobuningi. Le nqubo idinga bachitha amandla ngakhoke ikhambi is selehlile _(umehluko? H> 0).

Ngakho, umphumela Imininingwane ezishisayo Ukuqedwa le electrolyte kungenziwa yalotshwa njengezingoma zohlobo oluthile elandelayo:

_Sol? H =? H +? H _{ukudedela umehluko wokubacindezela?} H +

Ukusuka lapho, bekungaba iyiphi izingxenye imiphumela amandla incike uphawu yokugcina ukushisa ingqikithi nokuqedwa umphumela electrolyte. Ngokuvamile lokhu nqubo endothermic.

Izakhiwo yesixazululo kuncike ngokuyinhloko ubunjalo izingxenye zalo ephambili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo ukwakheka isixazululo electrolyte kuthonywa, ingcindezi kanye lokushisa.

Kuye okuqukethwe zonke izixazululo solute electrolyte zingahlukaniswa zibe alulaze kakhulu (e equkethe kuphela "iminonjana" electrolyte), hlambulula (equkethe esincane solute) futhi wagxila (nge electrolyte okuqukethwe abalulekile).

Ukusabela Chemical e electrolyte izixazululo, okuyinto zibangelwa ukudlula kagesi kuholela inyumbazana ngenxa izinto ezithile ngenxa electrode. Lesi senzakalo ngokuthi electrolysis futhi ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa umkhakha yesimanje. Ikakhulukazi, ngenxa electrolysis etholwe aluminium, i-hydrogen, chlorine, sodium hydroxide, i-hydrogen peroxide, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi ezibalulekile.