Robert Guk: Biography kanye nempilo yakho. Biography emfushane Roberta Guka futhi wokuvula yayo

usosayensi oyiNgisi Robert Guk kwaba ungomunye wongqondongqondo kunabo bonke ekhulwini lesikhombisa. Uye wasebenza phezu ezihlukahlukene imicabango kanye zomculo, iye yathuthuka isakhiwo microscope kanye qala ulungise izicubu yeselula ikakhulukazi.

usosayensi omkhulu wakhula

physics Ikusasa, isazi sezitshalo, umsunguli kanye sezinkanyezi, yazalwa ngo-July 18, 1635 edolobheni Amachibi, esemgwaqweni ku-Isle of Wight. Uyise wayengumGreki le li ibandla Bonke Osanta. Vala eside esesabela impilo ingane, njengoba wayebuthakathaka kakhulu futhi tscheduschnym kodwa Robert ngasinda. Ngo-1648, ngemva kokufa kukayise, Robert Guk wathuthela eLondon futhi waba umfundi umdwebi ngegama uPetru Lely. Kakade ekubeni usosayensi odumile, yena ngabo wakhumbula esengumntwana, kodwa ikhono imifanekiso ukuthi ubehamba physics imisebenzi yabo, kukuvumela ukuthi isikhathi lesi bekungasiso isikhathi sokulahla ize studio. Ngezinye nane, umfana waba umfundi of Westminster School Bashbi kuyiphi lathweswa iziqu ngo-1653-m. Njengoba noma imuphi usosayensi Robert Guk wafunda lwesiLatini, okwakuwulimi ulimi oluyinhloko lokuxhumana isayensi ngaleso sikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, anakho lwesiHebheru nolwesiGreki, wayeyazi indlela efanele yokuziphendulela ukudlala isitho kanye kweso kahle tutorials eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukuqala umsebenzi yesayensi

Ngemva kokuphothula umatikuletsheni, Robert Guk kuhanjiswe ku Oxford ukuba abe umfundi kaKristu Church College. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayengumuntu chorister ebandleni, kanye umsizi naseduze Umhleli we Boyle. Ngaleyo minyaka efanayo, khona ajwayelane kubahlanganyeli "College Invisible" yase-Oxford, abadali umphakathi yezesayensi nokuhlela, okuyinto wadlala indima ebalulekile empilweni kaHooke. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-physics yasungulwa futha emoyeni, wadala indatshana ku ukunyakaza uketshezi in the capillary. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uRobert Guk, ngokusobala ukuvulwa kwaleyo okuzodala indlela entwasahlobo ngoba ephaketheni amawashi, kwadingeka impikiswano encane nge Huygens, naye owayesebenza namadivayisi enjalo. Ngo-1662,, usosayensi waklonyeliswa iziqu zeMasters e-Oxford University of the Arts, iRoyal Society, ngaleso sikhathi kuphela ukwakha, wammisa labahluleli zokuhlolwa. Ngo 1663-m Robert Guk wadala sisekelo lo mphakathi zezemfundo, wangeniswa inani lamalungu alo, futhi 1677, waba ngunobhala yayo.

uprofesa London

Ngisho Biography emfushane ka Roberta Guka wayengeke akwenze ngaphandle kukhulunywa iqiniso lokuthi 1664, lapho isifo yayishisa oyisazi kwesokunxele London e-England. Ngaphambi nje kokuba ama wamiswa Uprofesa Greshemovskogo ekolishi futhi aphila ngokunethezeka efulethini isakhiwo sakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uHooke akuzange kuwumise imisebenzi labahluleli zokuhlolwa yi-Royal Society. Kwakuyisikhathi isikhundla nzima ngalo bokungamele umvuzo. Ngoba akubona usosayensi okuphephile kakhulu ekulungiseleleni ucwaningo olusha ke kwakuhambisana nezinga izindleko eziphawulekayo. Noma kunjalo, lo msebenzi uye wasiza nocwaningo lwakhe siqu futhi idale ihlonishwe physics igunya consultant zokuhlonipha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nobubanzi izithakazelo Robert umxhwele ngamanye amalungu omphakathi. Ulwazi mayelana Robert uHooke ku "Umlando we-Royal Society" izinkulumo mayelana umsebenzi wakhe njengomprofethi labahluleli futhi uchaza ucwaningo yakhe emangalisayo nge cleaner wezikhali neziqhumane, ukunwetshwa ezishisayo we ingilazi, kanye umsebenzi ukudala ngesibonakhulu, iris futhi zonke izinhlobo zezinto zomculo Meteorological.

Ukudala "Micrographia"

Ngo 1665-m wadedelwa emsebenzini obaluleke kunayo yonke usosayensi. Indatshana ngokuthi "Micrographics 'ichaza izindlela ongasebenzisa ngazo isibonakhulu for ezihlukahlukene ucwaningo lwesayensi. Lichaza ucwaningo ehlukahlukene nge izingxenye ayisithupha zezitshalo, izinambuzane nezilwane. Kuvulwa isakhiwo solwazi eziphilayo senziwa Robert Guk. Biology kwakungelona isithakazelo sakhe main yesayensi, ukuze umphumela ucwaningo ayamangalisa nakakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okwalotshwa
bemivubukulo kwenza uHooke futhi umsunguli-paleontology. Uphakeme imifanekiso izinga nemifanekiso eyenziwe "Micrographics" encwadini elingenakuqhathaniswa. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi usosayensi cishe ukhohlwe okwamanje, ukuphumelela kwakhe lapho kutadishwa amaseli kubaluleke kakhulu. Ukuze ukwazi lokhu okutholakele kuwufanele ngempela.

Ukuvula amaseli

Roberta Guka ngcono microscope bekulokhu isihloko isithakazelo njalo kwenziwe usosayensi. Wayebheka usebenzisa kuye eziningi izinto. Uma, njengoba into cwaningo wafika kukakhokho ibhodlela. Wenza abukhali ummese cut wamshaya usosayensi nokwakheka kwawo kuyinkimbinkimbi kahle. Cell, indaba abamelwe kukakhokho kuqhubeke, uHooke wakhumbuza lezinyosi. Njengoba Imi busuka isitshalo, uphenyo Kwakuseshwa ku ngeziqu kanye amagatsha kwezinye izitshalo. On nocezu ezondile umdala Robert futhi wabona ebusweni yeselula. Lezi maseli bahlukana ngodonga abahle abizwa physics amaseli. Watadisha osayizi yabo kanye nomthelela yobukhona babo kwi impahla ehlanganisa impahla yabo. Waqala kanjalo-ke umlando isifundo zezitshalo amaseli. umsebenzi ephakeme kuzo idluliselwe elinye ilungu iRoyal Society, uNehemiya Grew, owayeneminyaka umxhwele ngaphezulu ngokuqinile isayensi yezinto eziphilayo kuka Robert Guk. History of the ukutholakala lamaseli lakhiwe ngenxa yemizamo yakhe. Ngokuzimisela futhi anake, esebenzisa ukuphila kwakhe ekutadisheni izitshalo futhi ngokuyinhloko neqhaza ngokwengeziwe isayensi kule ndawo. indatshana Its main on the subject kwaba "Plant anatomy ezichaza flora izindaba zefilosofi kanye namanye amaphepha ambalwa ukufunda ngaphambi kwe-Royal Society." Phakathi naleso sikhathi, physics Robert Guk selingenile yezinye ucwaningo.

imisebenzi eminye

Akenzi ukuphumula azithele ngabandayo yayo Robert Guk, ogama biography isivele ahlanganiswe ukushicilelwa "Micrographia". Waba imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukukhanya, amandla adonsela phansi kanye nesakhiwo ndaba, ikhompyutha yasungulwa ngenxa eziyinkimbinkimbi izibalo imisebenzi phelelisa idivayisi evumela ukufunda ensimini eMhlabeni magnetic. Ngo eminye imibono yakhe lososayensi kwaba aqinise isandla ngokweqile.
Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1674 ayenakho siphikisana Hevelius ehambisana ne izici ukusetshenziswa microscopes. Engxenyeni we 1670 yesibili kwathiwa amaphepha ebhaliwe ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela kuyaqina, okuyinto baye baba ayizidleke umthetho kaHooke owaziwa. Wathi ukuthi ukwanda ubude isihlobo caller yasekuqaleni ezilinganiselwe ukunwebeka amandla inhlukanozigaba usayizi into cross-section futhi ixhunyiwe indaba kusuka lapho ekhiqizwa.

Ukuxhumana Newton

Ngo 1672-m Isaak Nyuton yaba ilungu iRoyal Society, sekuyisikhathi eside eyayihlanganisa Robert Guk. History of the ukutholakala amaseli nezinye ucwaningo aye aqinisa ukwethenjelwa kwalo emehlweni physics, kodwa Ebudlelwaneni bakhe Newton sasishubile iminyaka. agumenti kwawo kwezesayensi ezihlobene kokubili izindaba zangasese, ezifana ukuma ijika echaza umzimba falling, kanye imiqondo eyisisekelo, kuhlanganise nohlobo ukukhanya. Newton kubhekwe ukuthi yokucucuza ukukhanya kuhlanganisa izinhlayiya ekhethekile anibizela corpuscles ukukhanya. Robert Guk, biography ifakiwe ngesikhathi ukusebenza kwe-imvelo wave yokukhanya, kucatshangwa ukuthi liqukethe ukunyakaza vibration medium okusobala. Ngakho kwaba khona ingxoxo phakathi corpuscular futhi igagasi theory. Le mpikiswano kakhulu kangangokuthi lapho Newton wakhetha ukungahlukanisi ukubhala mayelana fibre zife kaHooke.

Yokweba noma ukuvulwa kanyekanye?

Ngo 1686 phakathi Newton kanye uHooke waphula omunye mpikiswano, kulokhu ezihlobene umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi jikelele. Mhlawumbe Guk ngokuzimela wafika kuvisisa budlelwane ezilinganiselwe phakathi amandla adonsela phansi futhi esigcawini ibanga phakathi izidumbu, owamsiza ukuba amangalele nombhali "Imisuka" ka ukusebenzisa umqondo womunye. Mayelana nalesi sihloko se-physics incwadi ukuze Royal Society. Noma kunjalo, Newton incazelo enemininingwane udaba, sasho futhi washayelwa umthetho nokuxhumana imithetho ebaluleke kakhulu Mechanics. Kulesi sisekelo Wabachazela le ezinyakazayo amaplanethi, ukukhuphuka nokwehla, wenze ezinye okutholakele eziningi ezibalulekile. UHooke futhi kwaba abasebenza ngokweqile nabacindezeleke kakhulu ukwenza ngokucophelela ncamashi kule ndawo. Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe isithakazelo yakhe ejulile inkinga kwamandla adonsela phansi futhi uchungechunge ucwaningo enikelwe kulo, elaliba kusuka 1671.

imisebenzi kwelanga

Ngo zokuphila kwakhe Robert Guk, ogama biography ugcwele yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi eminyakeni yokugcina, kwakunjengokungathi asebenzayo kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Watadisha imisipha kudivayisi, uzama ukudala imodeli mechanical, wathola iziqu zakhe yezokwelapha, wayenesithakazelo inhlaka, ozongitshela, okufaka izimbangela lokuzamazama komhlaba. Ngakho, ngokuya ihogela isithakazelo ososayensi eminyakeni kuphela zandiswa futhi ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi esifanayo sakhula futhi umthwalo. Ngemva umlilo esibi kunazo yaseLondon labhujiswa. Ukubuyiselwa edolobheni eholwa Kristofer Ren, ovelele wezakhiwo English umngane uHooke. Ukusiza kuye, uHooke kanzima iminyaka emine, ngendlela yesiteleka nge ukunakwa nocwaningo imisebenzi, futhi kusale kuphela ezimbalwa ukulala amahora nokuphumula.

Iqhaza kabusha London

Robert uHooke kwadingeka indima olindele. Kanye Christopher Wren ke ukuba sihlehlise ezungeze London Stock Exchange. Ngosizo Hyu Meya kanye Roger Pratt wenza umnikelo esiphawulekayo ukuba nesimo sesakhiwo esikhulu London. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, uHooke futhi Wren sika design isikhumbuzo izisulu komlilo esabekayo eyayibekwe. iphrojekthi obuphelele lakhiwe, futhi 1677 izwe wabona umxhwele Doric ikholomu, ukudalwa itshe Portland yayisetshenziswa. onesiqongo ethwele ibhola zegolide ephethe nezilimi zomlilo. Kristofer Ren ekuqaleni bafuna ziveza lapho kaCharles II, yena wathi ukuthi iqhaza uma kwenzeka umlilo awamukelekile. Ukuphakama ikholomu 61 metres uphinde uthele kancane 57 amasentimitha, okuningi kusukela ikholomu ukuqala umlilo. UHooke wayefuna ukusebenzisa lesikhumbuzo njengoba laboratory esingokwesayensi zenith isibonakude kanye nomsebenzi ne-pendulum, kodwa kunyakaza kubangelwa womgwaqo, uvinjelwe umsebenzi onjalo.

Ukufa

Umsebenzi ukuze kabusha isikhundla yaseLondon ngcono wezimali kwenziwe usosayensi, kodwa ibe nomphumela ongemuhle empilweni. Heavy duty usuku wathi isifo futhi ziwohloke eqinile futhi sizibona ngokucacile. kokusungulwa Popular usosayensi omkhulu wawuphezu barometer lomkhumbi. Mayelana naye iRoyal Society esephawula ngo-February 1701 kusukela izindebe Edmond Halley, owayeyilungu umngane uHooke. Zemvelo, isazi sezinto eziphilayo futhi semvelo Robert Guk wafa ngo-March 3, 1703 endlini yakhe ngesikhathi Greshemovskom ekolishi. Omunye wabantu abahlakaniphe kunabo bonke ngaleso sikhathi wayephiwe undeservedly ukhohliwe nge Phakathi neminyaka.

Izimbangela lokulibala

Ekuqhubeni uHooke ku-themes uhlobo ukukhanya kanye nemithetho kwamandla adonsela phansi wakhonza njengoba isisekelo umsebenzi Isaaka Nyutona, kodwa umehluko kakhulu ososayensi ababili zibe zimbi kakhulu ubuhlobo babo. Yaqala uhlobo ngxabano. Ngakho, kusukela yakhe "Mathematical Principles of Philosophy Yemvelo" Newton kususwe zonke izinkomba imisebenzi uHooke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wazama ukululaza ngegalelo lakhe isayensi. Njengoba likamongameli we-Royal Society, Newton bayeka ukusebenzisa amathuluzi eminingi kaHooke ngesandla owabadala wangcwatshwa lokulibala yomsebenzi wakhe, alifake isithombe sakhe. Inkazimulo zesayensi abanamakhono buphelile. Noma kunjalo, mayelana naye ebhalwe amazwi Newton odumile. Kwenye yezincwadi zakhe, uthi, nokuthi wayekubonile kuphela ngoba ngema emahlombe imidondoshiya. Ngempela, Robert Guk ufanelwe lelo gama, ngoba wayengumuntu omkhulu usosayensi, umsunguli semvelo, sezinkanyezi futhi umklami isikhathi sakhe.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo usosayensi

Odokotela futhi izihlobo uHooke wesaba ukuthi wayezokufa esewusana. Abanye babethi wayegqugquzela ngeke siphile ngokuvumelana engamashumi amabili. Noma kunjalo, isazi sesayensi yemvelo wasephila iminyaka engamatshumi 68, okuyinto isikhathi eside kakhulu kusengathiwa ngezindinganiso ekhulwini lesikhombisa. Isihloko "ingqamuzana", yena ezihlongozwayo amayunithi zokucathula umzimba ophilayo, ngenxa yokuthi izinhlayiya enjalo uHooke amaseli owawufana Izindela. Omunye ucwaningo elihlobene ne umoya, cishe yaphela ngo izinyembezi umyeni nososayensi. Ubeké ngokwaso uphiko oluyisipesheli moya, kusukela epompa emoyeni, futhi ngokwengxenye ngenxa ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa. Ngaphandle lesikhumbuzo, ezakhiwe ngokubambisana Wren, uHooke phezu amaphrojekthi adaliwe izakhiwo ezifana Observatory saseGreenwich kanye Cathedral St kukaPawulu. Bheka umsebenzi we-physics omkhulu can manje.