Physics Danish Bor uNils: Biography, ukuvulwa

Niels Bohr - physics Danish futhi isibalo somphakathi, omunye wabasunguli be-physics njengoba injalo manje. WayeyiZwi umsunguli kanye nomqondisi we-Copenhagen Institute for Theoretical Physics, ungumdali esikoleni emhlabeni yesayensi, kanye ilungu amazwe Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Lesi sihloko sizodingida umlando ukuphila Niels Bohr nokufeza wakhe oyinhloko.

Merit

physics Danish Bor uNils wasungula theory ye-athomu, ogxile imodeli kwamaplanethi ye-athomu, le Phumula quantum kanye mathupha ahlinzekwa postulates yabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Bohr zikhunjulwe umsebenzi obalulekile theory zenuzi, ukusabela enuzi kanye nezinsimbi. Wayengomunye Abadali quantum Mechanics. Ngaphezu intuthuko emkhakheni we-physics, Bohr wabhala eziningi imisebenzi kumafilosofi nesayensi yemvelo. Usosayensi ngenkuthalo balwa usongo lwenuzi. Ngo-1922 yena yanikezelwa uMklomelo KaNobel.

ebuntwaneni

Usosayensi Ikusasa Niels Bohr wazalelwa e-Copenhagen ngo-October 7, 1885. Uyise wayengumGreki Uprofesa yobuKristu zomzimba eyunivesithi, nonina Ellen wayevela emkhayeni ocebile. Niels wayenomfowabo abasebasha 'uHarald. Abazali baye bazama ukwenza amadodana ebuntwaneni ujabule futhi sated. Ithonya omuhle ngomkhaya, futhi ikakhulu unina, kwaba nendima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukeni izimfanelo zayo ezingokomoya.

kumiswa

imfundo yamabanga aphansi kwaba eBor Gammelholmskoy esikoleni. Esikoleni, wayelithanda ibhola, futhi kamuva - skiing kanye ngomkhumbi. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili nantathu, Bohr baba iziqu University of Copenhagen, nalapho efike waphelela khona uthathwa njengohlaka physics onamakhono ngokungavamile nomcwaningi. Ukuze mqondo yakhe kuphrojekthi kwencazelo amaphaphu ebusweni ngamanzi indiza yamanzi nokudludliza, Niels waklonyeliswa ngendondo igolide kusukela Royal Danish Academy of Sciences. Bafunde, i-physics Ezifuna Bor uNils bekasebenza eyunivesithi. Kube wayifeza eziningi ucwaningo ebalulekile. Omunye wabo yayizimisele classical electron imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinsimbi kanye wakha sisekelo ocwaningeni yakhe zobudokotela Bora.

ukucabanga lateral

Ngelinye ilanga likamongameli we-Royal Academy, u-Ernest 'uRutherford, bacela usizo ngokushaya uzakwabo osebenza University of Copenhagen. Kugcine wayehlose ukubeka umfundi wakhe yokulinganisela aphansi, kuyilapho yena ayebona sengathi ufanelwe kokuhlaziywa "kakhulu". Bobabili aphikisane umhlanganyeli bavumelana uthembele umbono wesithathu, akukho umlamuli eyodwa, owaba uRutherford. Ngokusho imibuzo ukuhlolwa, umfundi kwakumelwe achaze indlela yokusebenzisa i-barometer ungakwazi ukunquma ukuphakama kwebhilidi.

Umfundi waphendula ukuthi kudingeka tie barometer ukuze intambo ende ukugibela naye ophahleni isakhiwo, yehlisa kwaze kwaba phansi emhlabathini, ulinganise ubude intambo esidlule phansi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, impendulo kwaba ngokuphelele ilungile futhi ephelele, kodwa ngakolunye - ayenakho ungahlobene physics. Khona-ke 'uRutherford wasikisela ukuthi umfundi waphinda ezizama ukuyiphendula. Wamnika imizuzu eyisithupha, futhi waxwayisa ngokuthi impendulo kufanele sifanekise ukuqonda kwemithetho yemvelo. Ngemva kwemizuzu engu-Five, ayelizwa umfundi ukuthi ukhetha okungcono izixazululo eziningana, 'uRutherford wacela izikhonzi kuye ukuphendula kusengaphambili. Ngalesi sikhathi umfundi unikezele barometer ophahleni, bamphonse phansi ukukala ukuwa, usebenzisa ifomula ekhethekile ukuthola ukuphakama. Le mpendulo uthisha, kodwa nge uRutherford azinakubuphika ngokwami injabulo ukulalela lonke version umfundi.

Indlela elandelayo yayisekelwe yokulinganisa kokuwa kanye barometer ukuphakama isakhiwo umthunzi isithunzi, kulandelwa Ingxenye isixazululo. Kuyinto inketho efana 'uRutherford, futhi ngomdlandla ebuza umfundi ukuba zikhanyise izindlela asele. Khona-ke umfundi wamthembisa kuyindlela elula. okudingekayo nje ukubeka barometer phezu Udonga lwesakhiwo futhi wenze amaphuzu, bese babala inombolo yetinhlavu amamaki, ngibandise ubude barometer. Abafundi bakholelwa ukuthi impendulo enjalo sobala ngokuqinisekile ngeke zinganakwa.

Ukuze akumelwe kubhekwe emehlweni ososayensi prankster umfundi wanikela inketho eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ebophela emvinini barometer ukuze lace - wangitshela - udinga shake it kusukela phansi isakhiwo kanye ophahleni yayo, lemali gravity eqandisiwe. Kusukela umehluko phakathi idatha etholwe, kungenzeka ukwazi ukuphakama, uma uthanda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-pendulum wahosha ku yezinhlamvu kusukela ophahleni, kungenzeka ukunquma ukuphakama kwesikhathi precession.

Ekugcineni, abafundi bacelwa ukuba uthole umphathi we isakhiwo futhi senzuzo barometer omkhulu ukuthola ukuphakama kwakhe. 'URutherford wacela izikhonzi ngabe umfundi ngempela wayengayazi impendulo ezivamile inkinga. Akazange afihle ukuthi wayazi, kodwa wavuma ukuthi is fed up nge othisha ephoqelela indlela yabo yokucabanga ezigcemeni esikoleni ekolishi, kanye nokwenqaba izixazululo angajwayelekile. Njengoba uqagele, lo mfundi kwaba Niels Bohr.

Ukuhambisa eNgilandi

Esesebenze eyunivesithi iminyaka emithathu, Bohr wathuthela eNgilandi. Unyaka wokuqala wasebenza Cambridge Joseph Thomson, wathuthela Ernest 'uRutherford ngo-Manchester. laboratory Rutherford ngesikhathi ayebhekwa njengengxenye evelele kunazo. Muva nje, kwakukhona ucwaningo ukuthi emenza kokutholakala imodeli kwamaplanethi ye-athomu. Okuningi ngokunembile, imodeli abese ehlala isencane isakhasa.

I ukulinga ukudlula-alpha izinhlayiya ngokusebenzisa ucwecwe avunyelwe uRutherford ayaqaphela ukuthi ngezinye maphakathi athomu kuyinto nucleus encane icala, okuyinto ebangela bacishe bayifunda yonke mass ye-athomu kanye electron ahlelwe emhlabeni emaphashini. Njengoba i-athomu kuyinto kagesi hlangothi, inani namacala electron kufanele alingane icala ikhenela mojuli. Isiphetho sokuthi icala yenuzi iphindaphindeke icala electron ehlala eyingxenye enkulu yalolu cwaningo, kodwa kuze kube manje wahlala akucacile. Kodwa ezikhonjwe isotopes - izinto okuyinto ezifanayo chemical izakhiwo kodwa ezahlukene mass athomu.

I-athomu izakhi inombolo. umthetho ukufuduka

Ukusebenza endaweni yokucwaninga ye Rutherford, Bohr beqaphela ukuthi lo muntu nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali incike isibalo electron-athomu, okungukuthi, kusukela ngaphansi kwakhe, hhayi uquqaba, echaza ukuba khona isotopes. Lesi kwakuyisikhathi sokuba kuqala impumelelo ezibalulekile Bohr kule-laboratory. Kusukela kuyizinhlayiyana-alpha ubeka nucleus helium ne ophethe +2 ngu-alpha kwamazinyo (kuyizinhlayiyana is asebenza ezintweni ezivela core) "indodakazi" sakhi ishadi lesikhathi kufanele ibekwe ngakwesokunxele kwamaseli ezimbili ngaphandle "umzali", futhi ukubola beta (electron sasikhipha ka nuclei) - ngakwesokudla ngomunye cell. Ngakho elamiswa ngalo "umthetho ukufuduka imisebe." Ngaphezu kwalokho, isazi sesayensi yemvelo Danish wenza inombolo yezinto ezibaluleke kakhudlwana, ezithinta ukhathazekile kakhulu imodeli ye-athomu.

URutherford-Bohr imodeli

Le modeli ubizwa nangokuthi kwamaplanethi ngoba electron lizungeza core ngendlela efanayo njengoba amaplanethi azungeza ilanga. Le modeli kwadingeka eziningi izinkinga. Iqiniso ukuthi i-athomu kwaba disastrously engazinzile, futhi ulahlekelwe amandla ngamakesita ayikhulu kweziyisigidi yomzuzwana. Empeleni, Nokho, lokhu akwenzekanga. Inkinga kwakubonakala zingaxazululeki futhi adinga indlela ngokuphelele entsha. Lapha futhi wafakazela ukuthi physics Danish Bor uNils.

Boron wasikisela ukuthi, kuphambene nemithetho electrodynamics kanye Mechanics, omise e-athomu omoya-ihamba lapho ama-electron musa akhipha. I-orbit uzinzile uma isikhathi electron esisogwini ke ilingana inxenye Planck njalo. Kushisa bhé kule ndawo kwenzeka, kodwa ngesikhathi ukwedlulela i-electron komunye orbit kwenye kuphela. Zonke amandla ukuthi ikhishwe uma wathwalwa yizingelosi a quantum yokukhishwa kwemisebe. i-albhamu yezithombe ezinjalo has alingana namandla umkhiqizo imvamisa ukujikeleza ngo njalo Planck, noma umehluko phakathi kokuqala nokokugcina electron amandla. Ngakho, Bohr uRutherford kuhlanganiswe isikhathi yokusebenza kanye nomqondo Quanta, okuyinto kwahlongozwa ngu-Max Planck ngo-1900. ngokuphambene okunjalo inyunyana wonke amalungiselelo kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela yendabuko, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ungasali ke ngokuphelele. Electron lalibhekwa njengento iphuzu ezibonakalayo, ezingashabalala ihamba ngokuvumelana nemithetho zasendulo Mechanics, kodwa "kuvunyelwe" kuphela labo omise ukuthi baphathe "izimo quantization". Omise ezinjalo, amandla ama-electron kuyinto inhlukanozigaba ukuba izigcawu nezinamba ezungeza.

Isiphetho "imithetho amaza"

Ngokusekelwe "kokubusa amaza", Bor baphetha ngokuthi imvamisa emisebeni eyingozi kuba sezingeni wakhona izikwele ephambene umehluko phakathi integers. Ngaphambili, lo mkhuba usumisiwe spectroscopists, kodwa asikwazanga ukuthola incazelo theory. Theory Niels Bohr avunyelwe ukuchaza bohlu hhayi kuphela e-hydrogen (ama-athomu elilula), kodwa-helium, kuhlanganise ionized. Usosayensi sodvizheniya sifanekise umphumela umnyombo futhi ukubikezela amagobolondo kanjani efayiliwe electronic, okuyinto phendla ubunjalo ezingokomzimba PERIODICITY izici kohlelo gqwa. Ngenxa yalezi impumelelo, ngo-1922, Bohr waklonyeliswa uMklomelo KaNobel.

Bohr Institute

Lapho beqeda, uRutherford kakade waqaphela physics Bor uNils waphindela kwelakubo, lapho emenywa ngo-1916 yi-uprofesa wase-University of Copenhagen. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva waba ilungu Danish-Royal Society (ngo-1939 isazi bamyisa).

Ngo-1920, Bohr wasungula Isikhungo Theoretical Physics futhi waba umholi walo. Iziphathimandla Copenhagen, kuqashelwa uquketheni physics, wamnika lokusungula mlando "iNdlu Brewer." Institute wahlangana wonke amathemba, banendima kakhulu ekuthuthukeni quantum physics. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kubalulekile ukuba lokhu kwadingeka izimfanelo siqu eBor. Yena uzungezwe nge abasebenzi abanamakhono futhi abafundi, imingcele ephakathi kwabo ngokuvamile ezingabonakali. sikhungo Bohr kwakungu wonke, wafuna ewa kuphi. Phakathi edume abomdabu Bohr esikoleni yilezi: F. Bloch, V. Weisskopf, uH Casimir, Aage Bohr, L. Landau, J. Wheeler nabanye abaningi ..

Ngu Bor esiwavakashele ngokuphindaphindiwe usosayensi German Heisenberg Vernet. Ngesikhathi lapho wadala "ukungaqiniseki isimiso" Bohr kwaphikiswana Erwin Schrödinger, owayeyilungu umsekeli ahlanzekile-wave umbono. Kulendzawo yangaphambilini "iNdlu Brewer," kwakheka isisekelo physics qualitatively entsha kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, omunye izibalo ezisemqoka okwakunzima Niels Bohr.

imodeli athomu ehlongozwayo ngu usosayensi Danish futhi umeluleki wakhe Rutherford, akuhambisani. It edidiyelwe postulates kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela zakudala hypothesis, iphikisane ngokucacile ke. Ukuze anqobe lezi ukuphikisana, kwakudingekile ukuba ngokuphelele wokubukeza Izinkolelo eziyisisekelo theory. Kule ndaba, indima ebalulekile ukuthi eyadlalwa umnikelo oqondile Bora, ukwethenjelwa kwalo emphakathini zesayensi, futhi nethonya siqu. Umsebenzi Niels Bohr wabonisa ukuthi ukuthola isithombe somzimba microworld akuyona indlela efanelekayo isetjentiswe ngempumelelo "ezweni izinto ezinkulu," waba omunye wamaphayona wale ndlela. Usosayensi usanda kwethula lento imiqondo ezifana "engalawuliwe izinqubo ukuchayeka nesilinganiso" futhi "amagugu ezengeziwe".

Copenhagen quantum theory

Igama ematfuba usosayensi Danish ezihambisana (aka Copenhagen) incazelo theory quantum, futhi ekutadisheni "zango" yayo eminingi. Indima ebalulekile udlalwa yi-ingxoxo phakathi Bohr futhi Albertom Eynshteynom, ababengawathandi kwaba Bohr quantum physics e ngokuhumusha probabilistic. "Ukuxhumana isimiso", owasungulwa usosayensi Danish, wadlala indima ebalulekile ekuqondeni imithetho microworld kanye nokuxhumana zabo the classic (non-quantum) physics.

nezindaba yenuzi

Laqala ukwenza umsebenzi onikwe omunye namanje e Rutherford, Bohr enikelwe eziningi ukunakekela izifundo zenuzi. Wasikisela ngo-1936 imfundiso yokuziphendukela nucleus kwakwakhe, ngokushesha emenza isibonelo iconsi, eye ethile yafeza indima ebalulekile kulolu cwaningo of ukuqoqwa kwemibhalo. Ikakhulukazi, Bor fanele ukuqagela ukuqoqwa okuzenzakalelayo uranium.

Lapho amaNazi ethatha Denmark, usosayensi u ngasese alethwe England bese America, lapho, kanye nendodana yakhe Aage abasebenze Manhetennskim Iphrojekthi Los Alamos. Eminyakeni yangemva kwempi, Bor echitha isikhathi esiningi esifundweni ezindabeni Zokulawula Izikhali Zenuzi kanye nokusetshenziswa obunokuthula athomu. Wathatha iqhaza ukudalwa European Centre for Nuclear Research, ngisho iphathwa imibono yakhe ukuba UN. Ngokusekelwe yokuthi Bohr wenqaba ukuxoxa zesayensi Soviet kukhona sesaba ukuhlanganyela ezicini ezithile "iphrojekthi enuzi" Kunalokho, wacabangela esinakho esiyingozi izikhali athomu.

Ezinye izindawo ulwazi

Ngaphezu kwalokho, Niels Bohr, ogama biography usezofika ekupheleni, kwaba nesithakazelo ezindabeni asemingceleni physics, i-biology ngokukhethekile. Futhi, yayinesithakazelo ifilosofi nesayensi.

Ezivelele usosayensi Danish ufile kulandela ukuxinwa yisifo senhliziyo Okthoba 18, 1962 e-Copenhagen.

isiphetho

Niels Bohr, ngokusobala ukuvulwa kwaleyo okuyinto Yiqiniso, ukushintsha-physics, ukujabulele negunya elikhulu zesayensi kanye zokuziphatha. Ukuxhumana naye, ngisho kudlula ngokushesha, okwenza bona kube nehlala njalo umbono interlocutors. Ngamazwi nokubhala Bohr sekucaca ukuthi ekhetha ngokucophelela amagama akhe, ukuze achaze indlela ayebathanda kakhulu ngokunembile imicabango yakho. physics Russian Vitaly Ginzburg ngokuthi Bora emangalisayo ebucayi futhi zihlakaniphile.