Ithebula Mendeleev sika gqwa umthetho gqwa

Phakathi nekhulu nesishiyagalolunye a iNguquko eqinile zabhekana ezicini eziningi, kuhlanganise ne-chemistry. uhlelo Periodic Mendeleev, zavela ngo-1869, kuye kwaholela kube nekucondza ngalokufanako ubudlelwano phakathi isikhundla izinto ezilula ethebuleni gqwa, ukusungula ubudlelwano phakathi isihlobo-athomu mass Valence isici impahla.

i-chemistry Domendeleevsky phakathi

Kancane ngaphambili, ekuqaleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, imizamo eminingi ye systematization izakhi zamakhemikhali. Umthaki German uJohann Wolfgang Döbereiner wachitha umsebenzi wokuqala esingathí sina systematization emkhakheni wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Wanquma ukuthi eziningi izinto ezifanayo izakhiwo angaqoqwa - triad.

AMANGA of izethulo usosayensi German

Ingqikithi yalo mthetho emelelwa uJohann Wolfgang Döbereiner abangoziqu-zintathu kunqunywa ukuze atomic weight into iseduze isigamu isamba (Kusho value) kwabo athomu we izakhi ezimbili zokugcina abangoziqu-zintathu etafuleni. Nokho, ukungabikho magnesium iqeqebana olulodwa calcium, Sesithombe kanye ne-barium yombala kwaba eyiphutha.

Le ndlela kwaba umphumela we izingqinamba yokufakelwa izinto ezifanayo kuphela triodities. UJohann Wolfgang Döbereiner wayebona ukufana e imingcele amakhemikhali phosphorus-arsenic, i-bismuth ne-antimony. Nokho, kungagcini yena Kubuyiswa abangoziqu-zintathu. Ngenxa yalokho, akabange esakwazi ukuza ngezigaba efanele izakhi zamakhemikhali.

Ngaphansi Elements ekhona, ngesikhathi uJohann Wolfgang Döbereiner triad Yiqiniso, kwakungenakwenzeka, umthetho wabonisa ngokucacile khona ubudlelwano phakathi isihlobo-athomu mass futhi amakhemikhali izakhiwo izinto ezilula.

Inqubo systematization izakhi zamakhemikhali

Yonke imizamo okwalandela nokumisa wencike ukusatshalaliswa izakhi ngokuvumelana mass yabo yama-athomu. Kamuva uJohann Wolfgang Döbereiner hypothesis isetshenzisiwe ngamanye bamakhemikhali. Ibe obumba abanguziqu-zintathu, tetrads futhi pentads (Ngokuhlanganisa ngeenqhema ezintathu, amane anamakhulu amahlanu izakhi).

Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye kwakukhona imisebenzi eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa, esekelwe okuyinto Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev-chemistry kwaholela ekubeni systematization ephelele izakhi zamakhemikhali. isakhiwo ezahlukene ishadi lesikhathi kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise ukuqonda wamavukelambuso kanye nobufakazi elula izinto ukusatshalaliswa indlela.

ithebula Mendeleev sika gqwa izakhi

Emhlanganweni Russian Chemical Society entwasahlobo ka-1869 kwathiwa funda isaziso usosayensi Russian D. I. Mendeleeva mayelana ukutholakala kwakhe umthetho zesikhathi izakhi zamakhemikhali. Ekupheleni lowo nyaka, umsebenzi wokuqala "Kubaluleka Chemistry", uhlelo lokuqala Periodic izakhi azifaka kuwo ziye zanyatheliswa.

Ngo-November 1870, wabonisa nozakwethu kwalokho, "uhlelo lwemvelo izici futhi silusebenzise isiqondiso izimfanelo izakhi yokuzamazama." Kulesi umsebenzi D. I. Mendeleev lokuqala wasebenzisa igama elithi "umthetho gqwa". Uhlelo gqwa izakhi ezisekelwe emithethweni gqwa ichaza khona kungenzeka izinto ezilula ukuvula futhi libonisa ngokucacile nezici zabo.

Ukulungisa nokucaciswa

Ngenxa yalokho, ngo-1971 umthetho gqwa ohlelweni gqwa izakhi uMendeleyev ezishintshiwe futhi kulekelelwa Usokhemisi waseRussia.

Isihloko sokugcina "umthetho zesikhathi izakhi zamakhemikhali" Usosayensi isethi definition yomthetho gqwa, othi izici zemizimba elula, izakhiwo zezakhi, futhi akha imizimba eziyinkimbinkimbi kwencika oqondile zinqunywa ngokwentando isisindo sabo athomu.

Ngandlela-thile kamuva, ngo-1872, isakhiwo ishadi lesikhathi iye kabusha kwifomu classical (short-isikhathi imodi yokusabalalisa).

Ngokungafani ezazingaphambi kwayo, usokhemisi ongumRussia enziwe ngokugcwele etafuleni, owethulwa nomqondo kwezinkathi ezinesisindo sama-athomu samakhemikhali.

izakhi Isici ishadi lesikhathi nemithetho etholakala baye bavumela ososayensi ukuchaza izakhiwo izakhi kodwa ukuze kutholakale. Mendeleev wancika yokuthi izakhiwo lomcebo ngamunye kungaba azimisele ngokuvumelana nezici izici emibili elandelanayo. Wayibiza ngokuthi kokubusa "izinkanyezi". Ingqikithi Its ukuthi izakhi zamakhemikhali ethebuleni ukucacisa izakhiwo element ekhethiwe kudingekile ukuba siqondiswe nendawo futhi zibheka e ithebula izakhi zamakhemikhali.

uhlelo Mendeleev sika gqwa uyakwazi ukubikezela ...

Uhlu izici Mendeleev, naphezu ukunemba kwayo nokwethembeka, ayaziwangwa ngumphakathi yesayensi ngokugcwele. Abanye ososayensi omkhulu odumo izwe obala eseyenza inhlekisa le kungenzeka ukubikezela izakhiwo izakhi yokuzamazama. Kwaba kuphela 1885, ngemuva kokutholakala izakhi wabikezela - eka-aluminium, futhi ekabora ekasilitsiya (gallium, scandium ne-germanium), esigabeni esimisweni esisha umthetho Mendeleev sika gqwa ziye waqaphela njengoba izisekelo ezicatshangelwayo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, isakhiwo ishadi lesikhathi ukulungiswa ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ngo inqubo ukuthola idatha entsha yesayensi D. I. Mendeleev nalowo asebenzisana naye uWilliam Ramsay wafinyelela esiphethweni mayelana nesidingo sokwethula iqembu zero. Ngo ngezithako zawo kuhlanganisa amagesi ezingavamile (-helium, neon, argon, Krypton, Xenon futhi Radon).

Ngonyaka nesishiyagalolunye engamakhulu nanye kanye Soddy wenza isiphakamiso ukubeka izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana chemical izakhi - isotopes - kuthebula kuseli eyodwa.

Ngokuhamba umsebenzi eside futhi yenkuthalo etafuleni ngezikhathi ezithile izakhi zamakhemikhali kohlelo gqwa waphethwa, futhi wathola a look zanamuhla. isakhiwo Its kuhlanganisa namaqembu ayisishiyagalombili nezikhathi eziyisikhombisa. Amaqembu - kukhona mpo amakholomu nezikhathi - evundlile. Amaqembu kuchazwe division zibe subgroups.

Isikhundla e element ithebula kubonisa Valence yayo electron kanye nezici luyingxenye zamakhemikhali. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, phakathi ukuthuthukiswa ishadi lesikhathi ke kubonakele ukuthi kumane kuqondane enanini lama-elementi electron nenombolo yayo ye-serial. Leli qiniso eminye lula ukuqonda isimiso nokuxhumana izinto ezilula futhi kumiswa eziyinkimbinkimbi. A inqubo njengoba esiqondisweni reverse. Ibala inani le nto, kanye ezidingekile ukusabela chemical kwaba kwakuthiwa etholakalayo.

Indima ukutholakala Mendeleev sika yesayensi yanamuhla

Mendeleev uhlelo futhi njengoba wawusondela ukuhleleka izakhi zamakhemikhali kunqunywa ukuthuthukiswa ezinengqondo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Nge Ukukuqonda ngokufanele ubuhlobo constants namakhemikhali ukuhlaziywa Mendeleev kungaba kahle zihlangana futhi izakhi babeqoqana ngokuvumelana nezici zabo. ithebula okusha izakhi kwenza kube nokwenzeka ngokucacile futhi ngokuqondile ukubala idatha ngaphambi ukusabela zamakhemikhali, ukubikezela izakhi ezintsha kanye nezici zabo.

Ukuvulwa usosayensi Russian lunomthelela oqondile ngenkambo okwengeziwe yentuthuko kwezesayensi kanye nobuchwepheshe ngokulingana. Akukho ndawo yetheknoloji ngeke abathintekayo ulwazi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Mhlawumbe uma ukutholakala ezifana akwenzekanga, impucuko yethu kwakuyothatha indlela ezahlukene zentuthuko.