Amphibians - a ... Izimpawu izilwane zasemhlabeni. Zokuphefumula uhlelo izilwane zasemhlabeni

Cishe sonke sicabange ukuthi anikeze noma iluphi definition umqondo uhlelo olunzulu esikoleni ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Ngokwesibonelo, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni - Ukhala, izimfudu, izingwenya kanye izitshalo ezifana. Yebo, kuyiqiniso. Ukuze igama abanye abameleli siyakwazi, kodwa kuthiwani incazelo izici noma yokuphila? Ngandlela-thile, futhi ugqamisa eklasini ekhethekile? Siyini isizathu? Futhi iyini iphethini? Kodwa nalokhu, uzovuma, iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho.

Yini bayoba kusimangalise?

Kungenzeka ukuthi umgudu wokuphefumula lihlukile izilwane zasemhlabeni sengathi idivayisi yangaphakathi, isibonelo, ezincelisayo noma ezihuquzelayo. Kodwa kwakungaba yini? Zikhona ukufana okukhona phakathi kwethu nabo? Ukuze yonke le mibuzo silinga ukuphendula kule athikili. Nokho, kuwufanele ukunaka iqiniso lokuthi inqubo ukufunda ukwaziswa umfundi nje kuphela ukufunda ngalokho iyafana nomunye ezihuquzelayo (izimfudu nezingwenya kuye, ngasendleleni, asisebenzi), kodwa futhi ukuba bajwayelane amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo kakhulu ezihlobene ngedatha izilwane. Thina ukuphendulela ukuthi ngokuthile ungazange nakukucabanga. Kungani? Into wukuthi ingxenye incwadi yesikole ayinikezi njalo zonke uhla ezidingekayo yolwazi.

ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana ekilasini

Class Amphibia (izilwane zasemhlabeni noma) kuyinto bakudala yezilwane ezinomgogodla okhokho ezingaphezu kwama-360 Ma imvelo esishintshile futhi ephuma emanzini umhlaba. igama uhumusha njengoba "uphila ukuphila okumbaxambili" ngolimi lwesiGreki sakuqala.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izilwane zasemhlabeni - a izidalwa nongenanembeza nge lokushisa lomzimba engazinzile, okuyinto incike izimo zangaphandle kwemvelo.

Phakathi nezinyanga zonyaka ezifudumele, ithambekele esebenzayo, kodwa ngesikhathi ukuqala kubanda yokucashisa. Kukhona izilwane zasemhlabeni (amaxoxo, zintulo, salamanders) emanzini, kodwa ingxenye enkulu khona, kwenziwe ezweni. Lesi sici kungenziwa ngokuthi cishe impilo eziyisisekelo zezintaka eziphilayo.

zama-kweziyisikhombisa nesilwane sasolwandle esisodwa

Ngokuvamile, lokhu ekilasini kwezilwane zihlanganisa nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-3000 kwatholakala izinhlobo ezingu-eziphila emanzini nasezweni, emelelwa amaqembu amathathu:

• Tailed (Newt);
• waphansi (frog);
• legless (caecilians).

Amphibians uvele isimo sezulu sifudumele futhi ezishisayo. Nokho, futhi lokhu bahlalaphi kuze kube yilolu suku.

Empeleni, bonke bangabafowabo amancane abe nobude -akunamitha ezingaphezu kweyodwa. Ukukhethwa iyona intulo giant (izici eziyinhloko izilwane zasemhlabeni kulo sengathi ugcobe), ohlala eJapane futhi sifinyelele ubude ngamamitha ayisithupha.

ukuphila kwakhe izilwane zasemhlabeni ukuchitha kuphela. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi lokhu bekungenzeki ngenxa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. I izilwane zasemhlabeni okuqala ayengelona ncamashi ngendlela efanayo zokuphila.

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, basuke ingabonakali kahle, ukushintsha umbala walo. By endleleni, hhayi wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi Ukuvikelwa ezilwaneni eziyingozi futhi ushevu ethakwa ekhiqizwa yindlala okuthiwa i esikhethekile isikhumba. Mhlawumbe, lesi sici ifa kuphela ezihuquzelayo, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni, futhi eyisinambuzane. Ezincelisayo Zasolwandle nge iqoqo izici nesiyingqayizivele hhayi yendalo. Empeleni, kuze kube nzima, ezifana ajwayelekile kithi zonke ikati ikwazi ukujwayela izinga lokushisa lomzimba wazo uqobo, kuncike izinguquko imvelo noma ukudedela ushevu sivikele inja wamshaya.

Ikakhulukazi kwesikhumba

Zonke izilwane zasemhlabeni abe bushelelezi mncane isikhumba isembozo, ocebile isikhumba nezindlala ukuthi secrete isikhwehlela kwadingeka kwezinhlelo negesi lokushintshisana.

Secrete isikhwehlela futhi kuvimbela isikhumba kusuka iphele ukuphuma futhi elakhiwa into enobuthi noma isignali. epidermis wakubo ngobuningi ifakwe inethiwekhi capillary. Izinhlobo eziningi eziyingozi kungathatha ezinemibala egqamile, esebenza njengesikhali lesivikelo futhi isixwayiso izilwane eziphila ngezinye.

Amanye amaqembu amphibian waphansi phezu ungqimba engenhla epidermis Horny ahlangane imfundo. It is ikakhulukazi lakhiwa Toads, lapho abangaphezu kwesigamu ebusweni isikhumba imbozwe corneum stratum. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ababuthakathaka ikhava actinic akuvimbeli Ukungena emanzini ngesikhumba. Ngakho wahlela ukuphefumula izilwane zasemhlabeni ezingaba kuphela ukuphefumula isikhumba kwamanzi.

Ngo zinhlobo eliwumhlaba isikhumba keratinized ungakheka phezu izimpiko nasemilenzeni. Ngo izilwane zasemhlabeni waphansi sonke isikhala ongama elalihlala lacunae lymph - umgodi lapho zanqwabelana namanzi. Futhi kuphela ezindaweni ezimbalwa ezicutshini kwesikhumba ixhunywe imisipha izilwane zasemhlabeni.

Indlela yokuphila izilwane zasemhlabeni

Amphibians, izithombe zazo zingatholakala zonke izincwadi ku kwezilwane ibhekane izigaba eziningana ukuthuthukiswa: ozalwa emanzini nokuba zifana izinhlanzi ngenxa ukuguquka atholwe kwezimila yamaphaphu futhi ikhono lokuphila ezweni.

Lesi senzakalo ayitholakali kweminye ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla, kodwa kuvamile ezingenamgogodla lasekuqaleni.

Akulesi sesimweni Lesisemkhatsini phakathi ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo zasemanzini eliwumhlaba. izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni Phila (izinhlanzi kule ndawo kuvele ukuba abamele ehlelelwe more nezilwane) kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba lapho kukhona amanzi, amanzi ahlanzekile, ngaphandle emazweni abandayo. Iningi lazo ukuchitha ingxenye ezimpilweni zabo emanzini. Ngamanye abadala bahlala phansi, kodwa ezindaweni umswakama high futhi eduze kwamanzi.

Phakathi nesomiso of izilwane zasemhlabeni (inyoni ngabe umona isici okufana), yokucashisa, wangcwatshwa odakeni, futhi emakhazeni zokuzamazama esipholile wadalula basebusika.

I izindawo ezikahle kakhulu kukhona emazweni ashisayo ne ese. Kunabo bonke izilwane zasemhlabeni uncamela emakhoneni omile nemvelo (Central Asia, e-Australia nokunye. D.).

Kuyinto abantu basemadolobheni amanzi-umhlabathi, zikhetha ngokuvamile ebusuku. Chitha usuku endaweni yokukhosela noma oseqala ukuzumeka. zinhlobo tailed lihamba phansi efana ezihuquzelayo, waphansi - e Uhobhane iDemo.

Amphibians - yizilwane ukuthi ngokuvamile bayakwazi ukukhuphuka izihlahla. Ngokungafani nezilwane ezihuquzelayo, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni, kwabesilisa abadala vociferous kakhulu, Soundless ebusheni bakhe.

Amandla ezimweni eziningi incike yobudala nasesigabeni sokukhula. Ukuphakelwa izibungu ku yezitshalo nezilwane eziphilayo. Njengoba zikhula kukhona isidingo sokudla bukhoma. Lona uma ibona izilwane eziyingozi ngempela, zidla ama-worm, izinambuzane kanye ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo amancane. Phakathi ukushisa ukudla kwabo iyakhula. Izakhamuzi ezishisayo elinganeliseki kakhulu ngaphezu kwezihlobo basemazweni nge isimo sezulu sifudumele.

Ekuqaleni ukuphila kwezilwane eziphila ezweni, izithombe zazo kuhlobisa atlases, okubonisa ngokucacile kwemvelo lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu, ukuthuthukisa ngokushesha, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukukhula kwabo siyehla liphenduka unyawo lonwabu. Kukhula amaxoxo kudlulela iminyaka engu-10, nakuba ukuvuthwa kufinyelelwe kudala njengoba iminyaka 4-5. Ezinye izinhlobo ukukhula uyama iminyaka kuphela 30.

Ngokuvamile, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi izilwane zasemhlabeni - lena zilwane eziqinile kakhulu, uyakwazi ukumelana indlala ungcono ezihuquzelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iselesele, utshalwe endaweni manzi, kungenzeka ngaphandle ukudla kuze kuphele iminyaka emibili. Zokuphefumula uhlelo izilwane zasemhlabeni ngalesikhatsi kuchutjekwa nekwenta ibe seyisebenza ngokugcwele.

Futhi izilwane zasemhlabeni ziye zalahlekelwa ikhono kabusha izingxenye zomzimba. Nokho, ngo kakhulu izilwane zasemhlabeni izakhiwo ezinjalo mancane evelele noma sahlukene nalo.

Zesivikelo njengezilwane ezihuquzelayo, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni nazo ngokushesha amanxeba. ubungqabavu Special kuhluke zinhlobo tailed. Uma intulo noma Newt nqabela emanzini, awela a stupor futhi babe buthakathaka. Lapho nje iqhwa liyancibilika, lezi zilwane zingaphansi babuyile ekuphileni. Kumele asuswe Newt emanzini, kweso unciphe futhi akukho zimpawu zokuphila. Beka emuva - futhi Newt uyaphila ngaso leso sikhathi.

Ibala lesikhumba futhi amathambo aqatha efana izinhlanzi. Ubuchopho siqukethe ama- ezimbili, cerebellum futhi ephakathi, likwazi isakhiwo esilula. Emgogodleni kuyinto atfutfuke kakhulu kunemakhono ekhanda. Amphibians kukhona amazinyo kuphela ukuba abambe futhi ubambe inyamazane, kodwa hhayi uyakufanelekela ukuba wakhe ukuhlafuna. Lokubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuphila izilwane zasemhlabeni enezimiso zokuphefumula futhi kwegazi. Njengalezi esihuquzelayo, igazi abandayo.

Ababukeka yokuphila ezihuquzelayo (izimfudu, khumbula, asisebenzi kubo, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ahole indlela yokuphila efanayo) zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu: waphansi, tailed legless. Laba bameleli be-zihlanganisa amaxoxo waphansi, okuyinto chithi emhlabeni wonke lapho kukhona umswakama owanele futhi ukudla. Amaxoxo ngithande ukuhlala ogwini futhi yokuthamela ilanga. Lapho ingozi batheleka amanzi zigweda yl.

Abamele enkulu ezifana iqembu izilwane, njengoba Amphibians ekilasini, ukubhukuda kahle. Nge indlela abandayo sezulu izilwane zasemhlabeni ka yokucashisa. Zidala senzeka nezinyanga zasehlobo ezifudumele. Ukuthuthukiswa amaqanda futhi tadpoles kuyashesha. ukudla ngokuyinhloko yemifino kanye isilwane ukudla.

izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni tailed like izibankwa. Phila noma eduze amadamu ngamanzi. Ziyakwazi ebusuku bese ufihle emini ezindaweni zokukhosela. Ngokungafani izibankwa kusezweni zingabantu kunemibhalo eyayihunyushwe kabi futhi kancane, kepha amanzi beshesha kakhulu. Zidla on izinhlanzi ezincane, ama-mollusk izinambuzane nezinye izilwane ezincane. Kulesi hlobo zihlanganisa salamanders, zintulo, Proteus, intulo giant nokunye. D.

Ngu lamabutho izilwane zasemhlabeni legless kukhona caecilians, ezithinta zifana izinyoka, izibankwa legless. Nokho, lapho kwakhiwa isakhiwo sangaphakathi afane salamanders futhi Proteus. Caecilians bahlala emazweni ashisayo (ngaphandle Madagascar nase-Australia). Bahlala ngaphansi komhlaba, ahlala emgodini. Hola ngabafaka kule ndlela yokuphila njengoba nemisundu eminingi ezihlanganisa ukudla kwabo. Ezinye caecilians ukuletha inzalo viviparous. Okunye amaqanda walala emhlabathini eduze kwamanzi noma emanzini.

izinzuzo izilwane zasemhlabeni

Amphibians kuyizinto zokuqala futhi bakudala kakhulu izakhamuzi eliwumhlaba, linendawo ekhethekile ukuvela ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo eliwumhlaba, okuyinto esikuqondayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, indima izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo ekuphileni kwebantfu Sekuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa. Kule ndaba, le izilwane zasemhlabeni Sikude kakhulu ngemuva. Nokho, kunjalo futhi okubaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini womuntu kwezomnotho. Njengoba yaziwa, emazweni amaningi imilenze amaxoxo 'kukhona izibiliboco futhi kakhulu kwafunwa. Ngenxa yalezi zinjongo eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika mayelana amaxoxo kwezigidi ezingu engamakhulu unyaka ngamunye. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi izilwane zasemhlabeni benomthwalo ukubaluleka kwezomnotho.

I abadala badla ukudla isilwane. Ukudla izinambuzane eziwuhlupho e nezingadi, amasimu ezithelo namasimu bese bekusebenzisa, bayazuza abantu. Phakathi izinambuzane, molluscs nezibungu kukhona abathwali ezihlukahlukene esiyingozi izifo.

Kuthathwa izilwane zasemhlabeni ngaphansi ewusizo adla izilwane zasemanzini. Okukhishiwe Triton. Nakuba ngesisekelo ukudla kwabo siqukethe izilwane zasemanzini, nabo zidla singenazo izibungu zomiyane (e Umq. H. Of umalaleveva) ukuthi zohlobo in amachibi ngamanzi afudumele bese amile.

Izinzuzo izilwane zasemhlabeni ngezindlela eziningi incike ubukhulu, ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka, okuphakelayo kanye nezinye izici. Zonke lezi zici kuthinte amandla izilwane zasemhlabeni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-marsh Ukhala ayehlala amanzi, kuyasiza ezingaphezu kuka izihlobo zayo abahlala kwezinye izindawo.

Ngokungafani izinyoni, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni kokubhubhisa inombolo enkulu izinambuzane banezimfanelo isivikelo nokulondeka izici ungadli izinyoni. Futhi zinhlobo olugcwele izilwane zasemhlabeni ukondla ikakhulukazi ebusuku, lapho izinyoni eziningi insectivorous ukulala.

Ukubaluleka egcwele izilwane zasemhlabeni empilweni yomuntu kungenziwa kuphela uhlolwa nge cwaningo okwanele yalezi zilwane. Okwamanje, biology of izilwane zasemhlabeni kuyinto nolwazi olukha phezulu kakhulu.

Amphibians ziyingxenye ebalulekile eziwukudla

Ezinye izilwane noboya-ebizwa, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni kakhulu kukhona ukudla main. Ngokwesibonelo, ukusinda inja raccoon ezindaweni ezahlukene incike inani izilwane zasemhlabeni kulezi zindawo.

Mink, Otter, Izimbila kanye polecat ngokuzithandela badle izilwane zasemhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, inani lezi zilwane kubalulekile ngezizathu ukuzingela. Amphibians zifakwe Ukudla nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye. Ikakhulukazi uma ungenayo zihlale zinokudla okwanele eziyisisekelo - sidla amagundane amancane.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanzi ezibalulekile kwezohwebo ebusika, amachibi kanye nemifula ingenisa khona amaxoxo. Ezimweni eziningi, ukukhiqizwa yabo iba frog ensundu, okuyinto ngokungafani kuya green frog akuyona wangcwatshwa yl ebusika. Ehlobo odla ezingenamgogodla eliwumhlaba, ebusika uya ebusika echibini. Ngakho, amphibian iba umlamuleli futhi kuvuselela base ukudla inhlanzi.

Amphibians nesayensi

Ngenxa isakhiwo kanye survivability yayo amphibian zazisetshenziswa njengezibonakaliso izilwane zokucwaninga. Kuyinto ku frog labetibambile yisibalo esikhulu sabasebenzi esingakaze ucwaningo kusukela izifundo biology esikoleni ukuze ososayensi ezinkulu ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha. Ngenxa yalezi zinjongo njengoba izinto eziphilayo azithathe endaweni yokucwaninga esetshenziswa ngonyaka phezu amashumi ezinkulungwane amaxoxo. Kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kungase kuholele ekusebenziseni futhi ukubhujiswa okuphelele kwalelizwe izilwane. By the way, eNgilandi uvinjelwe ekubambeni amaxoxo, futhi manje wokuvikela.

Kunzima kubala lonke okutholwe yisayensi ezihlobene ucwaningo futhi ucwaningo bokuphila ku amaxoxo. Muva nje, kuye kwatholakala izicelo zabo laboratory kanye umkhuba emtholampilo ukuze kutholwe zokuqala zokukhulelwa. Ukwethulwa umchamo abesifazane abakhulelwe amaxoxo besilisa Toads inqubo yabo okusheshayo spermatogenesis. Kulokhu, ikakhulukazi umi phandle le iselesele oluhlaza.

I engavamile kakhulu izilwane zasemhlabeni iplanethi

Phakathi kwezinhlobo zezinyoni ezaziwayo kahle kwalezi zilwane atholakala zezinhlobo eziningi ezingavamile futhi engavamile.

Ngokwesibonelo, frog isipoki (uhlobo lwe Heleophryne) - eqinisweni yomkhaya oyingqayizivele we izilwane zasemhlabeni waphansi izinhlobo eziyisithupha kuphela, enye yazo kuphela atholakala emathuneni. Ngokusobala, lapha kukhona igama engavamile kwezinhlobo. Bahlala ikakhulukazi enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNingizimu Afrika, eduze ukusakaza ihlathi. Ingabe nendawo ukuze 5 cm futhi umbala sifihle. Ziyakwazi ebusuku bese ufihle ngaphansi kwamadwala ebusuku. Nokho, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-cishe seziqothuliwe namuhla.

Proteus (Proteus anguinus) - tailed umbono ekilasini Amphibians, abahlala amachibi ngomshoshaphansi. It ifinyelela ubude 30 cm. Bonke abantu bayizimpumputhe futhi ube isikhumba ecacile. Proteus ekuzingeleni ngokusebenzisa ukuzwela kagesi isikhumba kanye lokuhogela. Ingabe ukuphila ngaphandle kokudla kufika eminyakeni engu-10.

Okulandelayo frog omele zooglossus Gardner (Sooglossus gardineri) libhekisela ingenye kwezinhlobo engavamile kakhulu izilwane zasemhlabeni waphansi. Kuyinto esongelwa ekubhujisweni. It has a ubude akukho mm engaphezu kwengu-11.

frog kaDarwin - kuba amphibian encane waphansi ophila abandayo amachibi asezintabeni eziphakeme. Ubude umzimba mayelana 3 cm. I abesilisa ukuchamisela nenzalo yabo esikhwameni emphinjeni.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo izilwane zasemhlabeni

• Ngisho kude bonke abavakashi okhuthele ukwazi ukuthi uMbuso Wakwa-Peru amathilomu eziningi, esebenza cocktail ekhethekile amaxoxo. Kukholakala ukuthi iziphuzo ezifana ukuqeda izifo eziningi, ekwelapheni ufuba nasekulweni ukucinana kwemigudu yokuphefumula, ukusiza ekuvuseleleni izindawo potency. Enye indlela esingalungisa ngayo iwukuba ukugaya frog bukhoma in a blender ne ukwengeza emabhontjisi isobho, uju, Aloe juice futhi poppy impande. Ingabe ukulungele ukuya bese uzama lokhu dish?
• izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni UKwenza iZinto ngeNdlela eNgakajayeleki bahlala eNingizimu Melika. frog nakuba zikhula encishisiwe ngobukhulu. Ejwayelekile obuphelele omdala ifinyelela cm 6 kuphela. Nokho, tadpoles zabo zikhule 25 cm. Sici Strange.
• Ekuhloleni ku amaxoxo laboratory, abacwaningi Australian bakwenzile ukutholakala ngephutha. Bathola ukuthi lezi zilwane labo abazokwazi ekususeni emizimbeni bezinye izizwe abavela emaqenjini umzimba ngokusebenzisa esinyeni. ososayensi abanekhono futhi ovelele kakhulu ezifakelwa izilwane omoya ukuthi ngemva kwesikhathi esithile kuhanjiswe ku bladders yabo. Ngakho, kwaba sobala ukuthi ngokufaka izilwane zasemhlabeni umzimba, izinto zangaphandle kancane kancane luyakhula futhi izicubu zomzimba ezithambile ukudonselwa esinyeni. Ukutholakala kwaleli qiniso empeleni wenza revolution isayensi.
• Bambalwa abantu abavamile ukuqaphela yokuthi imbangela njalo amaxoxo eshaywa ngezikhathi zokudla liyancedisana ukudla ku emphinjeni. Izilwane abakwazi ukuhlafuna ukudla futhi baphokophelele ulimi lwakhe emphinjeni. amehlo eshaywa badonsekela skull ngu imisipha akhethekile basize ibenze ukudla.
• A Ngokwesibonelo kakhulu limelela Afrika frog Trichobatrachus robustus, okuyinto anazo kudivayisi amangazayo isivikelo izitha. Ngesikhathi usongo imilenze ibhoboze ithambo ongama, ukwakha uhlobo "izimpiko". Lapho ingozi iphelile, "izimpiko" kuthiwa esembula, futhi yokuvuselela izicubu. Ngiyavuma, hhayi kummeleli nezilwane zanamuhla ngiziqhayise khona izici ewusizo nesiyingqayizivele.