Okufanele izilimi esisemthethweni akunakubangelwa? izibonelo yokusetshenziswa

Luyini ulimi lulandela kakhulu imithetho futhi ukuthi lihluke kanjani kusukela yemvelo? Indlela lenzeka? Okufanele izilimi esisemthethweni akunakubangelwa? Futhi lisetshenziswa ekubhekiseleni kuye?

Izimpawu izilimi esisemthethweni

Ngakho sikubiza iqembu izilimi yokufakelwa, izimpawu imithetho eqondile ngokuphathelene nokwakha wokuboniswa, kanye nokuqonda abo. izinhlelo isetshenziselwe izinjongo zezimboni akunakubangelwa izilimi esisemthethweni. Akhiwa kuhambisana nemithetho ecacile, ukunikeza ukubonisa uhambisane, icwecwe futhi okunembile kwezindikimba izakhiwo kanye nobudlelwane we wafunda endaweni isihloko noma izinto abalingisa. Inani kanye nencazelo emamaki ayikwazi ukushintshwa yinoma yimuphi izici pragmatic (ukusetshenziswa umongo). Lena Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba khona ngolimi esisemthethweni imithetho-syntax ukuguqulwa nencazelo semantic. Avame wakhiwa kusetshenziswa njengendlela base wezibalo. Ngenxa yokuthi ke, sekukonke span yentuthuko, basebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene abizwa ongokomfanekiso isetshenzisiwe ezihlukahlukene imiqondo kanye netintfo. Yilokho udinga izilimi esisemthethweni. Abakwazi kakhulu ukunciphisa idatha. Ngaphambili, kanye izilimi letihlelekile naletingakahleleki zemvelo ziye zasetshenziswa, kodwa inkinga kancane kancane ngale ndaba futhi isidingo zihlolisisa esiqinile okunengqondo yokucabanga zezibalo, kwanqunywa ukuba ayiyeke le edlule. Le nqubo wawukhona kusukela XVII kuya kweleshumi XX. Kuyinto kwekhulu elidlule kubhekwa ukundlula ngokuya izilimi esisemthethweni. amagatsha ekhethekile ehlukahlukene zadalwa. Ngakho, i-computer science kukhona kwemiphumela ethile eyisiSekelo izilimi ukubaluleka izinhlelo kanye algebra logic, hhayi kuphela theory, kodwa futhi kusukela iphuzu eliwusizo umbono.

definition

Okufanele izilimi esisemthethweni akunakubangelwa, sinalo kakade kafushane. Kodwa yini esingayithandazela ayisho ngawo? kwelulwimi loluhlelekile kunikezwa eziningi izincazelo ezahlukene. Ukuze kwenziwe uhlu lwazo bonke, kangangokuthi ngeke lubashiyele isikhathi esiningi, ngakho sibheke ethandwa kakhulu:

1. Uhlu okulula amazwi ngolimi - ziyasho mayelana uhlobo lokugcina ukwakhiwa kanye mayelana yilezo isakhiwo esilula.
2. Amagama eyenziwe yohlelo lolimi ezithile esisemthethweni.
3. Isakhiwo adalwe izinkulumo njalo.
4. Amagama eyenziwe BPF-design.
5. Isakhiwo, liyabonakala ngumuntu automaton ezilinganiselwe.

Ake sibheke isibonelo. Ake sithi sinalo lonke alfabhethi, unikezwa izinombolo ezimbili 1 futhi 0. Ukuze sibonise incwadi "O", sisebenzisa inhlanganisela 1010001. Lona ukusetshenziswa lulwimi loluhlelekile. Kungenzeka futhi ukusebenzisa amazwi angasho lutho (lapho string has zero obuphelele, futhi akukho) nge gama elikhethekile ifomu ajwayelekile kithi. Kodwa kabanzi ukuqonda lokho kuyinto lulwimi loluhlelekile, ukusiza 4 izibonelo ukuthi uzonikezwa esilandelayo. Yini na? Ukuze ukuqonda yomfundi kwaba ukuthi lulwimi loluhlelekile akunakubangelwa. Kodwa okunye okuncane mayelana kanjani they qamba.

Ukwakhiwa izilimi esisemthethweni

ulimi ngamunye isakhiwo esisemthethweni ukuthi sidalwe kanye futhi othile. Zivame eyakhelwe iphethini efanayo:

1. Ukuze uqale, khetha zamagama, noma ezinye iqoqo izinhlamvu ethize izokwakhiwa futhi amagama asetshenziswe ulimi. Ngu ulimi esisemthethweni yini enye indlela uhlelo usebenzisa ikhompyutha.
2. Lichaza le-syntax, okungukuthi, izici kanye nemithetho oyokwakha emishweni levakalako.
3. On imithetho ethile ukuze Amagama namazwi. Lapha kukhona umthetho: yimuphi ukulandelana nezinhlamvu kumele akwazi ukubala izinhlayiya amazwi.

Ngu lulwimi loluhlelekile libhekisela isiphi isakhiwo ukuthi kunemithetho ecacile - ke okufanele akhunjulwe ngayo. Lapho ukwakha, kukhona ezinye izici. Ngakho, igama elithi "uhlamvu" kuyinto kakhulu multi-functional mayelana nenshokutsi, ngakho esikhathini esiningi wasebenzisa igama elithi njengendlela "incwadi". Kodwa ngaphansi kwabo kungaqondakala hhayi kuphela notation evamile kithi, kodwa futhi kubakaki, izinhlamvu ezikhethekile, nokuningi. Lokhu kusebenza kuphela izilimi esisemthethweni.

ISIBONELO 1

Ake uqale nge 1 futhi 0. Ezimweni ezinjalo, sebenzisa okwengeziwe welithi "Igama elithi" futhi "ifomula." Eyokuqala izenzo njengenhlangano Analogue into kanye negama lisetshenziswa ekubhekiseleni kuyo into ethile. Okokuqala ukuqonda constants kanye eziguquguqukayo ngabanye ngaphansi kwabo. Kulawa, esikhundleni salokho, ukwakha izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuyinto esetshenziswa elisetshenziswa kwezinye umsebenzi ulimi. Ngaphansi kwemibandela ye-iqembu ukuqonda ifomula, ukusetshenziswa okuyinto ngolimi oluthile izinhlelo kungenzeka. Lokhu 'imfundo' sizocutshungulwa, futhi umuntu uzothola umphumela oyifunayo.

ISIBONELO 2

Cabanga ngesibonelo logic lapho kukhona kombhala (Ā), disjunction (∧), ngesihlanganiso (∨) kanye ayesho (⇒) kanye nabanye abaningana. Ngo ukuqoshwa ezifana izithombe inganikelwa njengoba:

1. A;
2. A∧V ⇒ ¬a
3. Ā (A∨¬S)

Njengoba izinhlamvu A, B, C, bamelele eziguquguqukayo futhi uthola imisebenzi okunengqondo. Lapho ukusebenzisa izilimi esisemthethweni zalolu hlobo? Ukusetshenziswa kabanzi indlela enjalo itholakala ngezilimi izinhlelo, izibalo, ubudlelwano, imisebenzi ngekulandzelana zezibalo, noma izingxenye zazo ziye zachazwa ngu uMklami.

ISIBONELO 3

Ake sibheke amafomula eziyinkimbinkimbi okunengqondo:

Ā (A∨¬S) ⇔ ¬A∧S = 1

Yingakho sidinga izilimi esisemthethweni. Zicabange ukuthi bekuyokwenzekani uma yayibizwa echazwe amazwi? Manje, esekelwe ifomula Singaphetha ngokuthini iziphetho. izinkulumo ezizuzisayo ingatholakala ngolimi esisemthethweni kuphela uma imithetho ethile ziyahlonishwa zangaphambi ekwakhekeni, ushintsho nelithi "ukuqonda" the amafomula imigomo zenziwa lapho:

1. Ukwakhiwa eside amafomula;
2. Ukutadisha isici semantic nencazelo;
3. Kulandzelana kwalokucuketfwe lokuhleliwe omunye amafomula nezinye eside.

ulimi ngalunye esisemthethweni kumele kahle esungulwe usethe imithetho.

ISIBONELO 4

Ngenxa yokuba khona kwimithetho okukhiphayo ulimi kwamagama for imigomo amafomula zingenziwa isomorphic ukuguqulwa onobuhle. Ngakho-ke ngeke kwenziwe hhayi kuphela kuveza (kuveta bunjwa) umzimba lolusetulu ukuthi selivele likhona, kodwa bangathola ulwazi olusha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ushintsho, nakuba, futhi ngeke zenzeke ngokuvumelana nemithetho eqinile, kungashiwo ezenzakalelayo. amasu afanayo asetshenziswa uchwepheshe izinhlelo, ulwazi lezisekelo, isinqumo isofthiwe imikhiqizo ukwesekwa.

isiphetho

izilimi loluhlelekile kabanzi isayensi, ikakhulukazi art. Phakathi nocwaningo lwezesayense ukuqaliswa nemisebenti lephatsekako bangakwazi uxhumane yemvelo, uma sicabangela eside amakhono ekhululekile lakamuva. Nokho izilimi esisemthethweni lingadlulisela ngokunembe kakhudlwana ulwazi futhi afeze exchange umgomo kolwazi zanqwabelana yisintu.