Chemical isici fluoro: Valence izakhiwo isici

Fluorine (F) - lo esisheshayo kakhulu amakhemikhali isici futhi elula Halogen iqembu 17 (VIIa) we ishadi lesikhathi. Lesi sici sasekhaya ngenxa yekhono layo ukuze ahehe electron (element electronegative eziningi) futhi ubukhulu ezincane zama-athomu yayo.

Umlando yokutholakala

I sasekhaya-equkethe amaminerali fluorspar achazwa 1529 by udokotela isiJalimane mineralogist Georgiem Agrikoloy. Kungenzeka ukuthi hydrofluoric acid yaqale etholwe engaziwa glassmaker IsiZulu 1720 GA 1771 e usokhemisi Swedish Carl Wilhelm Scheele etholwe ongahluziwe hydrofluoric acid ngaphansi Ukushisa fluorspar nge kanzulu sulfuric acid endaweni retort ingilazi, okuyinto kakhulu konakalisa ngaphansi isenzo komkhiqizo okuholela . Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo okwalandela, izitsha zenziwa metal. Cishe anhydrous acid Kwatholakala indawo ngonyaka 1809, ngemva kweminyaka emibili le-physics French André-Marie Ampère bazitshela ukuthi lokhu kwakwakhe hydrogen ne-elementi ezingaziwa, chlorine fanekiso, okuyiwona kuphakanyiswa igama kusukela ngesiGreki fluoro φθόριος, «ukuphazamiseka». Fluorspar waphenduka calcium one-fluoride.

Ukukhululwa fluoride kwaba enye yezinkinga ezinkulu ezingaxazululeki yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali wezinto ezingaphili kuze 1886, lapho umthaki French Anri Muassan kwaba element ngu-electrolysis solution potassium hydrofluoride e-hydrogen-fluoride. Ngoba ngo-1906, wathola uMklomelo KaNobel. Ubunzima ekubhekaneni lesi sici futhi izakhiwo anobuthi nomthelela sasekhaya kancane emkhakheni wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali walesi sakhi. Kuze kube seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili wayengumuntu ilukuluku laboratory. Nokho-ke, ukusetshenziswa uranium hexafluoride e ukwehlukana uranium isotopes, kanye ukwanda commercial organic compounds timphawu, okwenza kube ikhemikhali eletha izinzuzo abalulekile.

nokudlanga

I sasekhaya-equkethe fluorspar (fluorspar, Caf ₂₎ Sekungamakhulu eminyaka yasetshenziswa njengesisekelo flux (ukuhlanzwa ejenti) e izinqubo Metallurgical. kamuva amaminerali ebonakaliswe umthombo isici, nayo okuthiwa Fluor. Kungekho nto enemibala emihle esobala zinhlayiya fluorite ngaphansi okukhanyisa abe tint bluish. Le mpahla is njengoba fluorescence ezaziwayo.

Fluoro - isici kwenzeka endalweni kuphela ngesimo compounds nalo, ngaphandle nje nengcosana kakhulu element khulula kule fluorspar, Radium wawuchayeke emisebeni. Okuqukethwe sakhi uqweqwe eMhlabeni imayelana 0,065%. The main namaminerali sasekhaya-equkethe kukhona fluorspar, cryolite (Na ₃ Alf _6), fluorapatite (Ca ₅ [PO _{4] 3} [F, Cl]), itopazi (Al ₂ Sio ₄ [F, OH] ₂₎ kanye lepidolite.

Izakhiwo kanye amakhemikhali sasekhaya

Ekamelweni lokushisa, fluorine gas ophuzi okhanyayo nge nephunga kuyacasula. Inhalation of eziyingozi yayo. Lapho lwaluyophola kwaba uketshezi ophuzi. Yinye kuphela IKhompyuthaYami esitebeleni timphawu chemical - fluoro-19.

I ionization amandla lokuqala Halogen kakhulu (402 kcal / Mol), okuyinto ejwayelekile ukushisa seka kumiswa F ⁺ 420 kcal / Mol.

Ubuncane balesi siqiwu, timphawu kuyi-athomu ye angazamukela lemali yabo elikhulu emhlabeni athomu emaphakathi ukwakha sebuningini izakhiwo esitebeleni, isibonelo, hexafluorosilicate (Sif ₆₎ ^2- geksaftoralyuminata futhi (Alf ₆₎ ^3-. Fluoro - isici has eziqine oxidizing izakhiwo. Ayikho enye into akuyona oxidized anion fluoride, sikhule size sibe isici mahhala, futhi ngenxa yalokhu lento alisiwo isimo khulula ngokwemvelo. Lesi sici sasekhaya iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-150 ubudala abavunyelwe ukuthole nge iyiphi indlela zamakhemikhali. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa electrolysis. Noma kunjalo, ngo-1986 lapho umthaki wemithi American Karl Krayst wathi mayelana "chemical" kokuqale bathole-fluoride. Wasebenzisa K ₂ MnF _6, futhi pentafluoride antimony (SbF _5), okuyinto lungatholakala ikhambi hf.

Fluoro: isimo Valence kanye namachibi

Udonga lwangaphandle iqukethe ayibhangqiwe electron halogens. Yingakho Valence ka sasekhaya e zezakhi ilingana komunye. Nokho, VIIa iqembu isici ama-athomu kungandisa inani electron kuya valency ka 7. sasekhaya Maximum futhi esimweni saso namachibi elilingana -1. Elementi akakwazi ukunweba Valence lalo, ngoba athomu okungaxhunyiwe ku-intanethi d-esemkhathini. Okunye sibonga Halogen-ukhululekile ukuba khona yayo kungaba Valence afika ku 7.

High namachibi umthamo isici evumela ukufeza isimo namachibi kungenzeka ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu ezinye izinto. Fluoro (Valence mina) ungakheka kwakwakhe, okuyinto alikho futhi kunoma iyiphi enye halide: isiliva difluoride (AgF _2), ayibe trifluoride (Cof ₃₎ heptafluoride rhenium (Ref ₇₎ pentafluoride uxhumano lokudlulisa (BrF ₅₎ iodine heptafluoride (UMA _7).

uxhumano

Formula sasekhaya (F ₂₎ yakhiwa ama-athomu amabili i-elementi. Angase ungene ngokuqondene nazo zonke ezinye izakhi ngaphandle helium ne neon, ukwakha fluorides ionic noma covalent. Ezinye izinsimbi ezifana ne-nickel, ngokushesha imbozwe ungqimba Halogen, ekuvimbeleni ukuxhumana okuqhubekayo nge element metal. Ezinye izinsimbi ezomile ezifana steel omnene, ithusi, aluminium, noma Monel (nickel 66% kanye 31.5% yethusi ingxubevange) akasabeli okushisa ezijwayelekile sasekhaya. Ukuze usebenze nge lesici okushisa afinyelela ku-600 ° C monel ofanele; alumina Sintered uzinzile kuze kufinyelele 700 ° C.

amafutha Fluorocarbon kukhona zokugcoba ofanele kakhulu. Elementi iyaphendula ngamandla nge izinto zokwakha eziphilayo (isb, injoloba, ukhuni kanye nendwangu) fluorination ngakho elawulwa of organic compounds sasekhaya zokucathula kungenzeka kuphela uma izinyathelo ezikhethekile.

ukukhiqizwa

Fluorspar ungumthombo oyinhloko-fluoride. Esikhathini ukukhiqizwa hydrogen fluoride (hf) is distilled kusuka fluorspar oluyimpuphu ne kanzulu sulfuric acid e iyunithi phambili noma yensimbi inkatho. Phakathi ziphuzo zazihluzwa kwakhiwa calcium sulfate (caso _4), kuyinto zingaxazululeki hf. I-fluoride hydrogen etholwe esimweni ngokwanele anhydrous ngu ziphuzo zazihluzwa fraction nezitsha zethusi noma steel futhi agcinwe cylinder ensimbi. ukungcola Common kwezentengiselwano hydrogen fluoride kukhona acid sulfurous futhi sulfuric futhi fluorosilicic acid (H ₂ Sif ₆₎ kwakheka ngenxa yokubakhona Silica ku fluorspar. Izitekhi umswakama singasuswa ngu-electrolysis usebenzisa i-platinum electrode by ukwelashwa nge sasekhaya zokucathula, noma ukugcina phezu namandla Lewis acid (MF _5, lapho M - metal) okungase yakha nosawoti (H ₃ O) ⁺ (MF ₆₎ ^-: H ₂ O + SbF ₅ + hf → (H ₃ O) ⁺ (SbF ₆₎ ^-.

I-fluoride hydrogen elisetshenziswa ukulungiswa ezihlukahlukene ezimbonini organic wezinto ezingaphili sasekhaya compounds, isib, natriyftoridalyuminiya (Na ₃ Alf ₆₎ eqashwe njengoba electrolyte ku sokuncibilikisa aluminium metal. Isixazululo hydrogen fluoride igesi emanzini kuthiwa hydrofluoric acid, semali metal esetshenziselwa yokuhlanza kanye wokucwebezelisa ingilazi noma ngokudlulisela ufasimbe ukuze etching yayo.

Ukulungiselela weseli khulula ngokusebenzisa izinqubo electrolytic ngokungabi bikho amanzi. Ngokuvamile basuke ifomu potassium fluoride ancibilike electrolysis hydrogen fluoride (e isilinganiso 2.5-5 1) at okushisa of 30-70, 80-120 noma 250 ° C. Phakathi nenqubo okuqukethwe hydrogen fluoride ku liyancipha electrolyte futhi kuvuleka ukuma. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi ngaphezu yayo zenzeka njalo. Esikhathini lokushisa eliphezulu electrolyte ekamelweni esikhundleni lapho izinga lokushisa udlula 300 ° C. Fluorine kungenziwa ngokuphepha egcinwe ngaphansi kwengcindezi engagqwali cylinder ensimbi, uma uMbhalo umphini mahhala iminonjana izinto eziphilayo.

ukusetshenziswa

Elementi isetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ezihlukahlukene fluoride ezifana chlorine trifluoride (ClF _3), i-sulphur hexafluoride (SF ₆₎ noma ayibe trifluoride (Cof _3). Chlorine compounds kanye ayibe ibalulekile fluorinating agents of organic compounds. (Uma kuthathwe izinyathelo ezifanele ngqo sasekhaya ingasetshenziswa le njongo). Sulphur hexafluoride usetshenziswa njengesibonelo Kwe-dielectric Heating gaseous.

I sasekhaya zokucathula buhlanjululwe nitrogen ngokuvamile ihlangana hydrocarbon esebumba fluorocarbons elihambisana lapho ingxenye noma yonke i-hydrogen kufakwa Halogen. Zezakhi okuholela ngokuvamile libhekene ukuzinza okusezingeni eliphezulu, amakhemikhali inertness, okusezingeni eliphezulu ukumelana kagesi, kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezibalulekile ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali.

Fluorination kungabuye eyenziwe ekwelapheni organic compounds of ayibe trifluoride (Cof ₃₎ electrolysis noma izixazululo yalo anhydrous hydrogen-fluoride. amapulasitiki awusizo-non stick izakhiwo, ezifana polytetrafluoroethylene [(CF ₂ CF _{2) x],} eyaziwa okudayiswayo njengoba Teflon, ikhiqizwa unsaturated hydrocarbon fluorinated.

organic compounds equkethe chlorine, uxhumano lokudlulisa noma ufake i iodine, is fluorinated ukukhiqiza izinto ezifana dichlorodifluoromethane (Cl ₂ CF ₂₎ refrigerant, okuyinto kabanzi amafriji yasendlini futhi emoyeni isimo. Njengoba i-chlorofluorocarbons, ezifana dichlorodifluoromethane, bafeze indima ebhekile e Ukuwohloka ungqimba lwe-ozone futhi ukukhiqizwa nokuthengiswa kwazo ukusetshenziswa kunqandwe, futhi manje refrigerant ayethanda equkethe hydrofluorocarbons.

I element liyasetshenziswa ngokukhiqiza i-uranium hexafluoride (UF ₆₎ asetshenziswe gaseous okusheshayo ihlukane nokwe-uranium-235 kusukela nokwe-uranium-238 enkulu ekwakhekeni fuel zenuzi. Hydrogen fluoride futhi boron trifluoride (BF ₃₎ akhiqizwa ngezinga ezimbonini, ngoba yelikhono kuhle alkylation ukusabela esetshenziswa ukulungiselela compounds eziningi organic. Sodium fluoride ngokuvamile ukungezwa amanzi okuphuza ukuze ukunciphisa izinga lokuhlasela kwesifo caries zamazinyo izingane. Eminyakeni yamuva, isicelo ebaluleke kakhulu fluoride labawatfolile esifundvweni nobe yezemithi Amasimu wezolimo. esikhundleni okukhetha sasekhaya kakhulu siguqula izakhiwo begazi izinto.

ukuhlaziya

Kunzima ukunquma ngokunembile inani zezakhi Halogen. fluoride Mahhala, okuyinto ilingana Valence 1, kungaba ukutholwa namachibi mercury HG + F ₂ → HgF _2, kanye nekulinganisa ukwanda isisindo mercury nevolumu ushintsho igesi. The main ukuhlolwa qualitative ngokuba khona ion timphawu yilezi:

• Ukukhetha hydrogen fluoride ngaphansi isenzo sulfuric acid,
• kumiswa kwenze-calcium one-fluoride ngokungeza calcium chloride isixazululo,
• ophuzi isixazululo ukushintsha kombala tetraoxide titanium (Tio ₄₎ futhi i-hydrogen peroxide e-sulfuric acid.

izindlela ukuhlaziywa quantitative:

• kwezulu-calcium one-fluoride ebukhoneni sodium carbonate nokwelashwa kodaka usebenzisa acetic acid,
• nokufaka chlorofluoride phambili ngokungeza sodium chloride futhi nitrate phambili,
• Titration (ukuzimisela emakamu lomcebo ziyoncibilika) ne isixazululo of cindezela nitrate (Th [CHA _{3] 4)} usebenzisa i-sodium alizarinsulfonate njengoba inkomba: Th (CHA _{3) 4} + 4KF ↔ ThF ₄ + 4KNO _3.

fluorine Covalently eziboshiwe (Valence I), ezifana fluorocarbons ukuhlaziya more xaka. Lokhu kudinga ukuxhumana sodium metallic, kulandele ukuhlaziya F ^- ion njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla.

isici izakhiwo

Ekugcineni sethula ezinye izindawo sasekhaya:

• inombolo Atomic: 9.
• isisindo Atomic: 18,9984.
• Okungenzeka sasekhaya valency: 1.
• Ukuma: -219,62 ° C.
• abilayo: -188 ° C.
• Ubuningi (1 atm, 0 ° C): 1.696 g / l.
• Electronic sasekhaya ifomula: 1s 2s ^{2 2 5} _2P.