Einstein uMklomelo KaNobel yokuziphendukela umphumela Photoelectric

Ngo emlandweni wesayensi emhlabeni kunzima ukuthola usosayensi esikalini efanayo u-Albert Einstein. Nokho, indlela yakhe nodumo nokuqashelwa Kwakungelula. Engingakusho nje ukuthi uMklomelo KaNobel-Albert Einstein wathola kuphela ngemva wangaphumelela abaphakanyiselwe amanxeba angaphezulu kuka-10.

Imininingwane emfushane umlandvomufi

U-Albert Einstein wazalwa ngo-March 14, 1879 emzini laseJalimane Ulm a ongaswele emkhayeni wamaJuda. Uyise ekuqaleni wahlanganyela emsebenzini wokukhiqiza omatilasi, futhi ngemva kokuthuthela Munich wavula ngokuqinile ukudayisa zikagesi.

Eminyakeni 7 Albert wathunyelwa esikoleni samaKatolika bese efunda esikoleni esiphakeme, lapho manje iqanjwe usosayensi omkhulu. Ngokusho basekilasini lakhe nothisha, akazange babonise ukulangazela bakufunde futhi kwadingeka ezikhombisa izinga eliphezulu kuphela kwi-mathematics ne-Latin. Ngo-1896, u-Einstein azithola kwaba umzamo wesibili wangena Polytechnic of Zurich e-Faculty of Education, ngoba efuna kuphathe yena ekugcineni ngisebenze njengevolontiya elifundisa physics. Elapho echitha isikhathi esiningi esifundweni theory uMaxwell sika kagesi. Nakuba ikhono akambonanga u-Einstein azithola oluvelele engasakwazi, ngesikhathi ethola iziqu, azikho othisha wayengafuni ukumbona umsizi wakhe. Usosayensi kwesikhathi Waphawula ukuthi Zurich Polytechnic yena zaphazamisa futhi lophetse i uhlamvu ezimele.

Ukuqala indlela nodumo ezweni

Ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni esiphakeme Albert Eynshteyn asikwazanga ukuthola umsebenzi futhi ngisho nokudla. Nokho, ngalesi sikhathi ebhala futhi enyathelisa incwadi yokuqala.

Ngo-1902, usosayensi omkhulu esizayo waqala ukusebenza ihhovisi le-Patent. iminyaka engu-3 kamuva, eyanyatheliswa kumagazini ehola German "Annals of Physics" Isihloko 3, eyayibonakala kamuva waqaphela kuzalwa revolution ngokwesayensi. Kuwo, bachazela izimiso kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela wokuhlobana kwezinto, ayisisekelo theory quantum kusuka kamuva kwavela umphumela Photoelectric, theory ka-Einstein ye, nemibono yakhe incazelo yezibalo motion Brownian.

Imvelo wamavukelambuso imibono Einstein

Zonke izihloko 3 usosayensi, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1905 e-"Annals of Physics", yaba kuncike evuthayo ingxoxo nabo. Imibono ukuthi wethulwa wezesayensi, ngokuqinisekile kwakufanele alethe Albertu Eynshteynu uMklomelo KaNobel. Nokho, abazange ngokushesha ziye waqaphela emibuthanweni zezemfundo. Uma ingxenye ososayensi ngokungananazi asekelwe le nkosikazi, bathola iqembu elikhulu zesayensi ngubani, njengoba experimenters, kudingeka ukwethula ngemiphumela yocwaningo enokwehla.

UMklomelo KaNobel

Ngaphambi nje kokufa izikhali abadumile magnate Alfred Nobel wabhala intando yakhe, owawuthi impahla yayo wayiswa Special Isikhwama. Le nhlangano kwaba ukukhethwa ukhetho ukuqhuba futhi uvezwa ngonyaka ukuze enkulu cash imiklomelo kulabo "anikezwe inzuzo enkulu kunazo zonke esintwini", ukwenza ukutholakala abalulekile emkhakheni physics, chemistry, futhi izitho zomzimba noma imithi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiklomelo yanikezwa umdali imisebenzi esivelele kunazo zonke izincwadi, kanye neqhaza sokuhlanganiswa izizwe, ukuncishiswa amabutho ahlomile kanye "ukukhuthazwa congresses ukuthula."

Ngo intando yakhe, owazuza indondo iphuzu ahlukene waphoqelela ukuqokwa abazobhapathizwa lwalungahileli uhlanga lwabo, ngoba bengafuni umklomelo wakhe waba politicized.

Okokuqala KaNobel Emcimbini wawuba ngasekuqaleni 1901. Eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo sekuyindlela abawinile ezifana zesayensi eliyingqayizivele njengoba:

• Wilhelm Roentgen ;
• Hendrik Lorentz;
• Pieter Zeeman;
• Antuan Bekkerel;
• Per Kyuri;
• UMariya Kyuri;
• John Uilyam Strett;
• Philipp Lenard;
• Dzhozef Dzhon Tomson;
• Albert Abrahama Michelson;
• Gabriel Lippmann;
• Guglielmo Marconi;
• Karl Braun.

U-Albert Einstein futhi uMklomelo KaNobel: isandiso lokuqala

Ngokokuqala ngqá usosayensi omkhulu uqokelwe le ndondo ngo-1910. Yakhe "ibhapathizwa" iwine uMklomelo KaNobel kwamakhemikhali Vilgelm Ostvald. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi iminyaka 9 ngaphambi kwalesi senzakalo, yokugcina wenqaba ukuthatha Einstein ukusebenza. Ngo isethulo sakhe wagcizelela ukuthi imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezinto kuyinto agumenti yesayensi ngokujulile futhi ngokomzimba, hhayi nje kwefilosofi njengoba ababeshisekela yayo uzamile ukwethula Einstein. Eminyakeni eyalandela, Ostwald bavikela ngokuphindaphindiwe lo mbono, futhi kuyisunduzele iminyaka eminingi.

Ikomidi kaNobel ilinqabile candidacy Einstein, nge kumagama ukuthi imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezinto ayihambisani kahle noma iyiphi yalezi zindlela. Ikakhulukazi, yaphawula ukuthi kubalulekile ukulinda ocace kakhulu yokuqinisekisa yayo zokuhlola.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, ngo-1910, umklomelo waklonyeliswa Yanu UVan der Waals amabutho, ngokuba bheke of the equation zombuso ngoba amagesi futhi uketshezi.

Intuthuko eminyakeni elandelayo

Eminyakeni engu-10 ezayo, Alberta Eynshteyna Umklomelo kaNobel okhethwe cishe njalo ngonyaka ngaphandle iminyaka 1911 futhi 1915. Ngesikhathi esifanayo njalo izinga lomsebenzi ukuthi lalikufanelekela umklomelo ohlonishwa ezinjalo kubonisa ukuthi imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezinto. Kuyinto leli qiniso kuye kwaholela yokuthi ngisho abantu besikhathi wayevame ukungabaza, njengoba uMklomelo KaNobel, waklonyeliswa Einstein.

Ngeshwa, 3 amalungu 5 leKomiti kaNobel babevela Swedish Uppsala University, owaziwa ngokuba esikoleni yayo eqinile yesayensi, abameleli igxathu ekuthuthukiseni instrumentation namasu zokuhlola. Ziyakwazi osolisayo kakhulu theorists okumsulwa. "Isisulu" wabo wayengekho ungoyedwa Einstein. UMklomelo KaNobel akukaze unikelwa sesayensi oluvelele Anri Puankare, futhi Maks Plank wathola ke ngo-1919, ngemva kwezingxoxo ezinde.

ukusitheka kwelanga

Njengoba sekushiwo, iningi zesayensi yafuna isiqinisekiso zokuhlola kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela wokuhlobana kwezinto. Nokho, okwamanje kungeke kwenzeke lokhu. Sun kwasiza. Iqiniso liwukuthi ukuze siqinisekise ngokunemba theory ka-Einstein ye kwakudingeka ukubikezela ukuziphatha into ngongqimba olukhulu. Ngenxa yale njongo ilanga kangcono. Kwanqunywa ukuthola isikhundla izinkanyezi ngesikhathi ukusitheka kwelanga, okuyinto kwakufanele athathe indawo ngoNovemba 1919, uyiqhathanise ne "okuvamile." Imiphumela yaba ukufakazela noma siphikise khona ukuhlanekezela spatio-temporal, okuwumphumela imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezinto.

mikhankaso kwahlelwa isimiso balesi siqhingi futhi ezindaweni ezishisayo eBrazil. Izilinganiso esenzelwe 6 amaminithi kuze ukusitheka eyathatha, kuhlolwa nge Eddington. Ngenxa yalokho, imfundiso yokuziphendukela Newton classical mayelana isikhala inert kuhlulekile wakhala Einstein.

ukuqashelwa

1919 kwaba isikhathi sokunqoba Einstein. Ngisho Lorentz, ngubani okwakungokweNkosi imibono yakhe abakwethembi, waqaphela value abo. Kanyekanye Niels Bohr futhi 6 th ngamanye nososayensi, abakhuluma wayenelungelo lokwenqaba ukuba baphakamise nozakwethu ngoba uMklomelo KaNobel, wakhulumisa ukwesekwa Alberta Eynshteyna.

Nokho, kwezombangazwe wangenela. Nakuba kwakusobala ukuthi okhethiwe ahlonishwe kakhulu - Einstein, uMklomelo KaNobel ngo Physics for 1920 waklonyeliswa Sharlyu Eduardu Guillaume for ukuphenywa kokuphulwa anomalies e nickel Alloys nensimbi.

Noma kunjalo, empikiswaneni baqhubeka, futhi kwakubonakala ukuthi umphakathi wezwe ngeke baqonde uma usosayensi baphelelwe umklomelo esasiwafanele.

UMklomelo KaNobel futhi Einstein

Ngo-1921, inani nososayensi abakholelwayo ezihlongozwayo angenele ukhetho we umdali kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela wokuhlobana kwezinto, yafinyelela umvuthwandaba. Ukuze Einstein uvotele abantu 14 ngubani ngokusemthethweni unelungelo khetha ukhetho. Elinye lamalungu ezinethonya kunazo Royal Swedish Society Eddington encwadini yakhe ngisho kuqhathaniswa ukuba Newton futhi wathi yena okudlula konke besikhathi sakhe.

Nokho, iKomiti kaNobel eceliwe ukwenza isethulo ukubaluleka imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezinto iLaureate e Imithi 1911 Alvar Gullstrand. Lokhu usosayensi, uprofesa wezifo zamehlo at Uppsala University, futhi ngqo wagxeka Einstein abafundile. Ikakhulukazi, wagomela ngokuthi ukugoba ugongolo ukukhanya abakwazi kubhekwe uvivinyo Alberta Eynshteyna theory kweqiniso. Wabuye wanxusa ukuba sicabangele ubufakazi okwaphawulwa maqondana emzileni Mercury. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto ikakhulukazi abathukuthele iqiniso lokuthi ubude ububanzi wokulinganisa ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi ngabe noma cha obuka ezihambayo, futhi ijubane ngawo ikwenze.

Ngenxa yalokho, u-Einstein azithola uMklomelo KaNobel ngo-1921, ayizange ukhishwa, futhi kwanqunywa ukuba umklomelo ubani.

1922

Gcina ubuso Nobel Committee wasiza physics Karl Vilgelm Oseen kusukela University of Uppsala. Wenza kusukela lokuthi akunandaba, okuyiwona Einstein bathola uMklomelo KaNobel. Kule ndaba, wasikisela ukuthi ukhishwa "ngenxa ukutholakala yomthetho umphumela Photoelectric."

Oseen nabo belulekwa amalungu ekomidi ukuthi ngesikhathi somkhosi 22th waklonyeliswa hhayi kuphela Einstein. UMklomelo KaNobel ngonyaka owandulela 1921 th wanikezwa hhayi e leli yilona thuba ukugubha ipumelelo ososayensi ababili. Owinile yesibili kwakunguDodayi Niels Bohr.

Einstein aphuthelwe emcimbini olusemthethweni uMklomelo KaNobel. inkulumo yakhe wathi kamuva, futhi yayizimisele theory wokuhlobana kwezinto.

Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi yini Einstein bathola uMklomelo KaNobel. Ukudlula kwesikhathi kuye kwabonisa ukubaluleka okwatholwa usosayensi ukuze zonke emhlabeni yesayensi. Ngisho noma Einstein uMklomelo KaNobel awuzange ukhishwa, naphezu kwalokho zehlele emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke emlandweni wezwe njengoba umuntu ushintshe ukumelwa lwesintu mayelana space kanye nesikhathi.