Ukuhlola of the Moon. ukuhlola umkhathi. ukutholakala

Abantu njalo nesithakazelo emkhathini. Moon esiseduzane kule planethi, kwaba emzimbeni kuphela yasezulwini lapho umuntu esiwavakashele. Kanjani ukuqala isifundo satellite yethu, futhi ubani owinile entendeni indiza on enyangeni?

satellite yemvelo

Luna - nendikimba ethile esemkhathini obuhambisana iplanethi yethu eminyaka. Akukona ihlaba umkhosi ukukhanya, futhi kuphela ibonisa ke. Inyanga isiphuphutheki Zomhlaba, okuyinto esiseduzane ilanga. Esibhakabhakeni kuyiplanethi yethu kuba into yesibili bhá.

Thina njalo ubone ohlangothini olufanayo zenyanga ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi izithombe ezinemibala ezazihambisana nekhasethi ukujikeleza Ukujikeleza eMhlabeni emhlabeni axis awo. The Moon uhamba emhlabeni Umhlaba Ukuboshelwa - ihamba kude ke esondela kuye. I izingqondo ezinkulu zomhlaba Sekuyisikhathi eside wasebenzisa ubuchopho babo cwaningo lokuya kwaso. Lena inqubo emangalisayo eziyinkimbinkimbi ethintwa aba emhlabeni futhi ilanga ukukhangana.

Mayelana indlela inyanga kwakhiwa, ososayensi namanje phikisana. Kukhona izinguqulo ezintathu, esinye sazo - esiyinhloko - wethulwa ngemva kokuthola amasampula enhlabathi enqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga. Washayela giant umthelela theory. Kusekelwe ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane zezigidi 4 edlule, wabhekana planetesimals emibili nje vo lisunguliwe, izinhlayiya zabo zanamathela e Umhlaba orbit esebumba Moon ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Omunye umbono usikisela ukuthi Earth satellite zayo zemvelo kwakhiwa ngenxa uthuli ifu ngesikhathi esifanayo. Abasekeli lwesithathu theory zisikisela ukuthi inyanga Kwaphakama kude lonke eMhlabeni, kodwa lathunjwa yethu iplanethi.

Kusukela ukuhlola of the Moon

Ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo, kuba nendikimba ethile esemkhathini isintu Haunted. Izifundo zokuqala of the Moon zaziseza II ekhulwini BC, Hipparchus, zama ukuchaza ezinyakazayo yayo, usayizi kanye nebanga ukusuka eMhlabeni.

Ngo 1609 Galileo owasungula le isibonakude, kanye ukuhlola of the Moon (okungenani ezibukwayo) wayiswa ezingeni elisha. Sebekwazi ukufunda ebusweni esethilayithi nasemahhovisi esifundazwe, bheka asemigodini yayo kanye izintaba. Ngokwesibonelo, Dzhovanni Richchioli uvunyelwe ukudala omunye amabalazwe wokuqala kwenyanga 1651. Ngesikhathi Wazalwa igama elithi "ulwandle", okubonisa amnyama izindawo kwenyanga ebusweni, imigodi yezintaba-mlilo futhi waqala ukushaya kwe ngemva abadumile ubuntu.

Esikhathini XIX leminyaka ukuba usizo izazi zezinkanyezi kufika isithombe ukuthi livumela enembile nakakhulu ukutadisha sendawo. Lyuis Rezerford, Warren de la Rue futhi Per Zhansen ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene ngenkuthalo wafunda ebusweni kwenyanga ne izithombe, kanti isixuku esikhulu kwamenza "Atlas lokushicilela."

Ukuhlola of the Moon. Izama ukwenza rocket

Izigaba lokuqala isifundo kuphelile, nentshisakalo inyanga siya ibavuthela. Ekhulwini XIX asungula umqondo wokuqala ukuya emkhathini kuya satellite, lapho indaba iqala ukuhlola of the Moon. Ukuze uthole indiza enjalo kwakudingekile ukudala idivayisi, ijubane okwakuyoholela ukwazi ukukunqoba adonsela phansi. Kwatholakala ukuthi izinjini ekhona akuzona inemandla ukudayela ijubane oyifunayo futhi silondoloze ke. Ubunzima ubunoJesu ezinyakazayo imishini vector, njengoba emva ukusuka bayoba Ephothula ukuhamba kwayo futhi uwela phansi.

kwaba isinqumo ngo-1903, lapho i-engineer idale Tsiolkovsky rocket iphrojekthi, uyakwazi sokunqoba ensimini okudonsa futhi sifinyelele umgomo. Okokhelekayo ezishile kwakunjalo ekuqaleni we indiza e injini rocket. Ngakho, isisindo salo iba ezincane kakhulu, futhi leso sicelo wathwalwa yizingelosi ukukhululwa kwe amandla.

Ubani kuqala?

XX leminyaka kwaphawulwa emikhulu izenzakalo wezempi. Zonke ezingaba Ososayensi oshona ithrekhi ezempi kanye isifundo of the Moon kwadingeka nginciphise izinga. Zenzeka ngo-1946, iMpi Yomshoshaphansi buye baphoqa astronomer kanye onjiniyela ukucabanga futhi mayelana ukuya emkhathini. Omunye nezindaba ukubangisana eSoviet Union ne-United States okulandelako: owayengowokuqala umhlaba phezu inyanga?

Ubuholi ekulweni kwehlwaywe zenyanga futhi yangaphandle isikhala waya iSoviet Union Okthoba 4, 1957 kwakhululwa kuqala yokufakelwa satellite Zomhlaba, anamibini kamuva the Moon waya ngowokuqala isikhala esiteshini "Luna-1", noma njengoba lalibizwa kanjalo, "Dream" .

Ngo-January 1959, AMC - othomathikhi esiteshini interplanetary - wathatha amakhilomitha angaba 6000 kusukela Moon, kodwa ayikwazanga ukufika kuwo. "Dream" yathola phezu heliocentric orbit, eba yokufakelwa Sun satellite. Isikhathi ayenawo yayo emhlabeni inkanyiso izinsuku ezingu-450.

Moon kokwehla kwehlulekile, kodwa zazitholakala kakhulu ezibalulekile idatha yangaphandle emisebeni yibhande yethu iplanethi kanye solar emoyeni. Kwatholakala ukuthi satellite engokwemvelo insimu encane kazibuthe.

Ukulandela Union ngo-March 1959, i-US wakhipha Pioneer-4, okuyinto landizela 60,000 km kusuka enyangeni, ukushaya orbit welanga.

Lokhu ukufohla wafika ngo-September 14 kwalowo nyaka, lapho mkhathi "Luna 2" wenza "enyangeni kwe" emhlabeni kuqala. Isiteshi babengenalo ukwehla, ngakho ukufika kwakunzima, kodwa abalulekile. Wakwenza "Luna 2" eduze koLwandle Izimvula.

Ucwaningo we expanses kwenyanga

kokwehla Okokuqala kwavula indlela ucwaningo olwengeziwe. Ukulandela "Luna 2" wathunyelwa "Luna-3" ukuzungeza satellite futhi ukuthatha izithombe "obubi" planethi. ikhadi Moonlight isibe oluningiliziwe lwendlela, kwabonakala entsha amagama asemigodini: Zhyul Vern, Kurchatov, Lobachevsky, uMendeleyev, Pasteur, Popov nabanye.

Isiteshi sokuqala American siwela Earth satellite kuphela 1962. Kwaba Ranger Station-4, liwile ohlangothini zenyanga.

Okulandelayo "Rangers" American neSoviet "Moon" futhi "iphenya" nayo wawashaya expanses cosmic ke okwenza Telephoto ebusweni kwenyanga, izingcezu ke engenangqondo. Ukufika lokuqala ezithambile yamjabulisa esiteshini "Luna-9" ngo-1966 futhi "Luna-10" waba isathelayithi lokuqala of the Moon. Skirting iplanethi izikhathi 460, "umngane satellite" ekuhlephuleni maqondana nomhlaba.

"Luna-9" isakaze ukukhululwa ngokuzenzakalela telecast. Nge izikrini TV isibukeli Soviet ukubukela abandayo ehlane expanses ngokudubula.

I-United States balandela okufanayo Yiqiniso ukuthi we Union. Ngo-1967, i-American esiteshini "Surveyer-1" wenza kokwehla yesibili ezithambile emlandweni Astronautics.

Nenyanga emuva

Ukuze amaningana eminyaka eSoviet futhi American abacwaningi wakwazi ukufeza zicatshangwe impumelelo. Okumangazayo ebusuku ukukhanya ekujabulisayo ukwazi emakhulwini amaningi njengoba izingqondo ezinkulu, futhi romantic esingenathemba. Step by step, le UMoon utholwe ziyasondela futhi zitholakale kalula kakhudlwana abantu.

Umgomo elilandelayo kwakungeyona nje ukuthumela satellite isikhala esiteshini, kodwa futhi uyibuyisele emuva Earth. nezinselele ezintsha ubhekene onjiniyela. Idivayisi flying emuva, kwadingeka ukungena emkhathini woMhlaba at emaweni kakhulu engela, kungenjalo ungase ushise. Inkulu kakhulu engela, kunalokho, kungaba ukudala umphumela Rebound, futhi umshini futhi ukundiza emkhathini, ungalokothi ukufinyelela Earth.

Izinkinga Samandla engela sezixazululiwe. Uchungechunge amadivayisi "Ucwaningo" kusukela ngo-1968 kuya ku-1970, kuye kwenziwa ngempumelelo indiza nge kokwehla. "Zond-6" kwaba uvivinyo lwangempela. Wayefanele ukwenza umsebenzi yokuqinisekisa ke bangaqhubeka osomkhathi pilot. Iyunithi wandizela phezu inyanga at ibanga 2,500 km, kodwa lapho uzobuya emhlabeni le-parachute wavula ekuseni khulu. laliphukile esiteshini, kanye indiza zezinkanyezi kukhanselwe.

BaseMelika the Moon: i lunoprohodtsy lokuqala

Asemaqeleni ufudu sika owaqala orbited inyanga futhi wabuyela Earth. Animal ethunyelwe indiza emkhathini ngomkhumbi-Soviet "Zond-5" ngo-1968.

okusalele emuva Kusobala ngemuva US ngo ukuthuthukiswa kwe-expanses ezinqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga, ngoba konke okwakungokwenkosi impumelelo wokuqala wase-USSR. Ngo-1961, uMongameli Kennedy States wenza isitatimende elikhulu ngalokho okuyokwenzeka kuya 1970 amalungelo enyangeni kwe. Futhi amaMelika, oyakukwenza futhi.

okudingekayo ukulungiselela umhlabathi esiqinile ukuqaliswa plan onjalo. izithombe Ngatadisha izimoto ebusweni kwenyanga wenza "Ranger", uphenyo izenzakalo okungavamile zenyanga.

Ukuze ohambweni bavimba wavula isimiso "Apollo", okuyinto wajabulela izibalo trajectory to the Moon eyenziwe Ukrainian Yuri Kondratyuk. Ngemva kwalokho, le trajectory liye labizwa ngokuthi "Kondratyuk ithrekhi."

"Apollo-8" wenza lokuqala test andize ngaphandle kokwehla. F. Borman, uWilliam Anders, John. Lovell wenza emathangeni ambalwa emhlabeni satellite yemvelo, okwenza indawo sokudubula for uhambo esikhathini esizayo. T. noJ Stafford. Omncane "Apollo 10" lwenteke indiza emhlabeni wesibili satellite. I osomkhathi bahlukaniswa iyunithi imoto futhi ngahlala 15 km kusuka enyangeni wedwa.

Phela amalungiselelo, yena wagcina ethunyelwe "Apollo 11". AbaseMelika lawela phezu inyanga ka-July 21, 1969 eduze koLwandle Yokuthula. Isinyathelo sokuqala esenziwe uNeil Armstrong, ke kwalandelwa Edwin Aldrin. I osomkhathi waqhubeka satellite engokwemvelo amahora 21.5.

nezifundo

Uma Armstrong futhi Aldrin waya enyangeni 5 mikhankaso yesayensi ngaphezulu. Isikhathi sokugcina le osomkhathi siwela ebusweni kwenyanga ngo-1972. Ukuze wonke umlando womuntu kuphela kulezi mikhankaso abantu ewela ngakolunye izinto isikhala.

ESoviet Union akazange amshiye ukutadisha kobuso satellite zemvelo. Kusukela ngo-1970, wathunyelwa umsakazo lo "Lunokhod" 1st futhi uchungechunge 2nd. Lunokhod the Moon lokuqoqa amasampula enhlabathi izithombe impumuzo.

Ngo-2013, China yaba izwe lesithathu, leseyifinyelele esethilayithi nasemahhovisi esifundazwe, wenza kokwehla ezithambile usebenzisa rover kwenyanga "Yuytu".

isiphetho

satellite wemvelo Zomhlaba isikhathi eside kuyinto into ethakazelisayo cwaningo. Ngekhulu XX ukuthuthukiswa of the Moon kusukela ukucwaninga kwesayensi kuye kwehluleka abe uhlanga zezombusazwe Sweaty. Ukuhamba kuwo osekwenziwe eziningi. Manje the Moon nguye okucwaningwa ngawo kakhulu izinto zokuhamba kwezinkanyezi, okuyinto, ngaphezu kwalokho, indoda.