Ubufakazi umsuka indoda ezilwaneni. Imfundiso entsha umsuka indoda

Ubufakazi indoda kusukela okuvela ezilwaneni lotawulungisa ukuqinisekisa imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kaCharles Darwin. simiso ngomhla anthropogenesis, okuyinto waqala ukwakha endulo, uye washintsha abalulekile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Biology: Origins Human

U-Aristotle wayekholelwa ukuthi okhokho Homo sapiens yizilwane. Nale umbono uyavuma kanye nososayensi uGalen. Phakathi kwabantu nezilwane alihlutha izimfene. Izimfundiso zawo baqhubeka taxonomist aziwayo Karl Linney. Yena wakhetha uhlobo olufanele kanye kuphela uhlobo "Indoda ehlakaniphile". Zhan Batist Lamark basikisela ukuthi kwakuyinkanyezi kwaba isici esibalulekile anthropogenesis. Elikhulu kakhulu ekufundiseni Darwin ukwenze, omema ubufakazi obuqand 'ikhanda ngomsuka indoda ezilwaneni.

Anthropogenesis indawo izinyathelo ezimbalwa ngokulandelana. Lokhu lasendulo, lasendulo futhi ekuqaleni abantu yesimanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ubufakazi bokuthi Bahlala nomunye, ukuncintisana ngentshiseko. Abantu abaningi basendulo abazange ukwakha izindlu, kodwa bakwazi ukukhiqiza amathuluzi eyenziwe ngetshe futhi kwadingeka ekuqaleni yokukhuluma. The Next Generation - a Neanderthal. Babehlala amaqembu, sakwazi ukwenza izingubo aphume isilwane izikhumba futhi amathuluzi ezenziwe amathambo. Cro-Magnons - abantu bokuqala yesimanje, behlala emakhaya self-wakha noma emihumeni. Sebevele zobumba wafunda, waqala domesticate izilwane zasendle kanye sikhule izitshalo. Ubufakazi izinguquko yokuziphendukela kwemvelo imiphumela yokuvubukula kwezazi zemivubukulo, ukufana e Embryology, nokwakheka morphology kwabantu nezilwane.

kwezazi Found

Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi ibinesithakazelo lesi sihloko. Umsuka indoda ezilwaneni ngokuyinhloko ukufakazela izinsalela zamathambo yabo okutholakele ngokukhipha kwezazi. Phakathi kwabo kukhona kwezinto ezifanayo kuya yesimanje, kanye namafomu zesikhashana. Ngokwesibonelo, lwatholakala kuyi-archaeopteryx - yascheroptitsa. Ngoba indoda ke avtralo- futhi driopithecus. Ngokuvamile, Ubufakazi bemivubukulo yasendulo kusikisela ukuthi izwe organic ukudlula isikhathi kuba more xaka. Waba yini umphumela walesi kwentuthuko ndoda wanamuhla.

ubufakazi biogeography

Iqiniso lokuthi umuntu wavela nezinkawu, futhi ubonise ubufakazi besayensi ukuthi etadisha ukusatshalaliswa izimila Umhlaba nezilwane. waqamba biogeography. Ososayensi baye bathola ukuthi iphethini ocacile: bukhoma ezindaweni eziqhelile planethi ukuthi sihluke kakhulu nabanye futhi zitholakala kuphela kwibanga ezithile. Inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo zabo njengokungathi okwesikhashana. zinhlobo maKristu abizwa relict. Izibonelo zibandakanya i-platypus e-Australia, Tuatara eNew Zealand, ginkgo bilobate eChina naseJapane. Ngo-anthropology, futhi, bheka. Lena enye yezinto eziyimpicabadala ezithakazelisa kakhulu nemvelo - a Snowman.

Inkulumo efanayo ukuthuthukiswa embryonic

Ubufakazi umsuka indoda ezimbangeleni isilwane futhi Embryology. Basuke lisekelwe ngokuyinhloko endabeni yokuthi zinhlobo ezahlukene babe nezici ezifanayo yentuthuko sombungu. Ngakho, imibungu yazo zonke chordates ezifanayo isakhiwo yokwakheka kanye morphological. Banezinhliziyo notochord, neural tube kanye izimbotshana gill emphinjeni. Futhi inqubo yentuthuko, yilowo nalowo kubo kuthatha izici ngamunye. Kubantu, neural tube uguqulwe asebuchosheni nomgogodla, kuzithinta e izingxenye amathambo, nokuhlonza izinhlobo gill izimbotshana kukhona yene, okuvumela ukuthuthukiswa lula.

ubufakazi Comparative-yokwakheka

Izici Sakhiwo sangekhatsi eziphilayo nayo ukutadisha biology. Umsuka nezilwane kufakazela ukufana ezivamile isakhiwo kwabantu nezilwane. Ezinye iziphathimandla kukhona homologous. Sinenkosi isakhiwo ezivamile, kodwa zinemisebenzi eyahlukene zibuye. Ngokwesibonelo, kuba phambi esitho inyoni, emaphikweni zamanzi kanye esandleni somuntu. Kubantu, kukhona esingesihle, izitho ampofu, okuyinto ngokuhamba yokuziphendukela kwemvelo baye balahlekelwa value abo sokusebenza. Lokhu amazinyo ngokuhlakanipha, ithambo coccygeal, ijwabu leso lwesithathu, imisipha ukuthi ukuhambisa ezindlebeni futhi izinwele angena. Uma e inqubo yentuthuko embryonic okwenzeka neziyaluyalu, lezi zitho ingaqala ngokwanele. mkhuba okunjalo kwezinkolo kubizwa ngokuthi atavism. Izibonelo kwayo kuyizindlela multimammate, ukubukeka okuqhubekayo izinwele, nokungathuthuki we- cortex ubuchopho, ukubonakala umsila.

Inkulumo efanayo karyotypes

Ufuzo futhi libonisa ukuthi abantu bavela ezilwaneni uhlobo lwenkawu olungavamile. Okokuqala, kuba iqoqo diploid lezakhi zofuzo. Ngo nezinkawu , nguye 48, kuyilapho abameleli zinhlobo Homo sapiens - 46. Lokhu kuwubufakazi obungenakuphikwa bokuthi umsuka indoda ezilwaneni. Ipheya 13 wama-chromosomes kuyafana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufana Amino acid ukulandelana amaprotheni molecule womuntu futhi yenkawu ifinyelela 99%.

Isinyathelo ukuvela

UCharles Darwin zavela ezintweni eziphilayo nezenhlalo izici we kwemvelo yomuntu. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa umzabalazo khona, ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo futhi ukushintshashintsha zofuzo. On isisekelo yabo, ukuthuthukisa izici zezenhlalo - ikhono emsebenzini, ukuphila komphakathi, inkulumo okunenjongo kanye nekhono lokuhlaziya. UCharles Darwin wacabanga kanjalo.

Kulokhu, lendoda wanamuhla usezuze izici ezifana ngazo ukufinyelela esivelele kwemvelo. Lokhu kukhuphuka kwemali palsy futhi ekunciphiseni esifundeni ebusweni Yekhanda, thorax, isicaba e dorsoventrally. Elikhulu esandleni somuntu umunwe kuqhathaniswa nabanye ukuthi lihlotshaniswa ikhono emsebenzini. Ngoshintsho olubalulekile ubulokhu bipedalism. Ngakho-ke, emgogodleni has ezine goba bushelelezi, unyawo kuyinto arched. Linikeza cushioning ngenkathi ushayela. Amathambo ukhalo ezithathwe ngendlela nezitsha, njengoba Uzizwa ecindezeleka zonke izitho zangaphakathi. Mayelana obhekwe inkulumo ikhulela cartilages amalaka nemisipha.

Kukhona theory entsha umsuka indoda. Ngokusho le ndoda owehla evela nyanyisa we Miocene. engavamile yayo wukuthi kuze umhlaba kuyinto izigidi zeminyaka wahlala emanzini. Ubufakazi lokhu umbono uwukuthi ikhono komuntu babambe umoya isikhathi eside, inspiratory wagcina phezu. Eminyakeni yamuva zithandwa kakhulu amanzi lokuzalwa. Abasekeli balobu indlela bakholelwa ukuthi ingane ukhululekile kakhulu izimo lapho kwaba ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.

Emkhakheni eziningi kokubili abasekeli kanye nezitha imfundiso yokuziphendukela umsuka indoda ezilwaneni. Nokho, ubufakazi zalesi simiso ngomhla anthropogenesis ngokwanele eziningi futhi ikholisa.