Izinkabi zasendulo, ezivela kuyo indoda

Abantu bokuthokozela baqaphela ukuthi bafana nezimbongolo . Kodwa, ukuthola ukubonakala okuthuthukile ngokwengeziwe, indoda yazama ukungaboni ukuthi i-chimpanzee noma i-gorilla iyifani, ngoba wazibonela ngokushesha njengomqhele wendalo yomdali onamandla onke. Lapho imibono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ibonakala ukuthi i-presupposed in primates isixhumanisi sokuqala se-Homo sapiens, yahlangatshezwa ngokungafihli, kodwa kaningi ngokubambisana. Izinkabi zasendulo, ezisekuqaleni kwokhokho lwenkosi yaseNgilandi, zabonakala kahle kakhulu ngamahlaya. Namuhla, isayensi inqume okhokho bethu bezilwane zethu eziphilayo, ezahlala eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-25 edlule.

Okhokho abavamile

Ukusho ukuthi umuntu wehla ku-monkey, kusukela ekubukeni kwe-anthropology yanamuhla - isayensi yomuntu, mayelana nomsuka wayo, kubhekwa ukuthi ayilungile. Indoda njengezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezivela ku-pervoleday (zibizwa ngokuthi ama-hominids), ezaziyizinhlobo ezihlukahlukene eziphilayo eziphilayo, kunezinkawu. I-Australian yokuqala - i-Australopithecus - yavela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-6,5 edlule, futhi izinkabi zasendulo, ezaba ukhokho wethu ovamile nabokhokho babantu banamuhla, zaziyiminyaka engaba izigidi ezingu-30 edlule.

Izindlela zokutadisha amathambo zihlala - ubufakazi obukhona kuphela bezilwane zasendulo - ziyaqhubeka zithuthukiswa. I-monkey endala ingavame ukuhlukaniswa ngendwangu yomhlathi noma inyo elilodwa. Lokhu kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi ohlelweni lokuziphendukela kwemvelo zonke izixhumanisi ezintsha zivela, ukufakazela isithombe esiphezulu. Ngekhulu lama-21 kuphela, izinto ezingaphezu kwezingu-12 ezinjalo zitholakala ezifundeni ezahlukene zomhlaba.

Ukuhlukaniswa

Idatha ye-anthropology yanamuhla ivuselelwa njalo, eyethula ukulungiswa ekuhlukanisweni kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo lapho umuntu engowakho. Lokhu kusebenza kumayunithi anemininingwane eminingi, uhlelo lonke luhlala lungaguquki. Ngokusho kokubukwa kwamuva, umuntu ungowesigaba samaMfuyo, umyalelo wezimpondo, i-suborder ye-monkey yeqiniso, umndeni wamaHominid, uhlobo lomuntu, uhlobo lwezilwane kanye nezinhlobo ezincane ze-Homo sapiens (i-Homo sapiens).

Ukuhlukaniswa "kwezihlobo" eziseduze zomuntu kuyinkinga yokuphikisana njalo. Enye yezinketho ingahle ibonakale kanje:

• Ama-Primates e-oda:
  • Abantu abemi abampofu.
  • Izinkabi zangempela:
    • Isikwele eside.
    • Kuvuliwe.
    • Grasshoppers:
      • Gibbon.
      • AmaHominids:
        • Amapulangwe:
          • I-Orangutan.
          • I-orangutan yaseBornean.
          • I-Sumatran i-orangutan.
      • Hominins:
        • Ama-Gorilla:
          • I-gorilla yaseNtshonalanga.
          • I-gorilla yaseMpumalanga.
        • Izimpukane:
          • I-chimpanzee ejwayelekile.
          • I-chimpanzee enamazinyane.
        • Abantu:
          • Umuntu onengqondo.

Umsuka wezinkawu

Ukunquma isikhathi nendawo esivela kuyo imvelaphi yezinkawu, njengezinye izinhlobo zezinhlobo eziningi, kwenzeka njengomfanekiso obonakala kancane kancane esithombeni se-polaroid. Izinto ezitholakala ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba zihambisana nesithombe sonke, esicacile ngokwengeziwe. Kubonakala ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo akuyona umugqa oqondile - kufana nesihlahla, lapho amagatsha amaningi efa khona. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuba ukwakhiwa okungenani ingxenye yendlela ecacile evela ezibelethweni ezincane zokubeletha eziya eNomo sapiens kusesekude, kodwa kakade sekukhona amaphuzu amaningi okubhekisela.

I-Purgatorius - encane, engekho ngaphezulu kwegundane, yayihlala ezihlahleni, idla izinambuzane, esikhathini esiphezulu se-Upper Cretaceous nePaleogene (iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-100-60 ezedlule). Ososayensi bakubeka ekuqaleni kwe-chain of evolution of primates. Uvele wembula ukuqala kwezibonakaliso (isisu, ukuziphatha, njll) ezikhethekile ezinkomeni: ubuchopho obukhulu kakhulu, iminwe emihlanu emilenzeni, ukuzala okuncane ngokuntuleka kokukhiqiza kwonyaka, omnivorous, njll.

I-home hominids

Izinkabi zasendulo, okhokho be-anthropoid, zashiya amathrekhi, ziqala ngo-Oligocene owedlule (eminyakeni engu-33-23 yezigidi edlule). Zisalokhu zigcina izici ze-anthropologist ezingeni eliphansi: umsele omfushane omude otholakale ngaphandle, kwezinye izinhlobo - ukutholakala komsila, ukungabi nokuzikhethela kwezitho eziningana kanye nezinye izici zesakhiwo samathambo ezinsikeni nezinyawo.

Phakathi kwalezi zilwane zasendle, enye yezindala zasendulo i-proconsulids. Okuphawulekayo kwesakhiwo samazinyo, ubukhulu nobukhulu be-cranium enesigaba somqondo sobuchopho esikhulisiwe ngokuphathelene nezinye izingxenye kuvumela ukuthi ama-paleoanthropologists afunde ukufundela ngaphakathi ekuhlaleni. Lolu hlobo lwezinkabi ezingenakubalwa luhlanganisa iziphathimandla, i-kalepithecas, i-heliopithecas, i-nyazapithecas, njll. Lawa magama asungulwa kaningi egameni lezinto ezikhona lapho okutholakala khona izingcezu zendawo.

I-Rukapithecus

Iningi lithola amathambo amadala kunawo wonke ama-paleoanthropologists enza kuleli zwekazi lase-Afrika. Ngo-February 2013, umbiko wanyatheliswa ososayensi be-paleo-primatology evela e-United States, e-Australia naseTanzania emiphumeleni yokuthungwa emfuleni waseRukva eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeTanzania. Bathola isiqephu somhlathi ophansi onamazinyo amane - izinsalela zesidalwa esasihlala khona eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-25.2 ezedlule - nje lokhu kwakuyiminyaka edwaleni lapho kutholakala khona lokhu kutholakala.

Ngokwemininingwane yesakhiwo somhlathi namazinyo, ubunikazi bomnikazi wabo kuma-apes anthropoid ezindala ezivela emndenini wama-proconsulids wasungulwa. I-Rukvapitek - leli yigama lokhokho wama-hominids, i-anti-fat anti-anthropoid ape, ngoba iminyaka eyizigidi ezi-3 ubudala kunanoma yiziphi ezinye izidumbu ezitholakale ngaphambi kuka-2013. Kuneminye imibono, kodwa ihlobene neqiniso lokuthi ososayensi abaningi babheka ama-proconsulids njengezidalwa ezindala kakhulu ukuwachaza ngokuthi yi-humanoid yangempela. Kodwa lokhu kuyindaba yokwahlukanisa, enye yezinto ezingavamile kakhulu kwisayensi.

Dryopithecus

Emigodini yemvelo ye-Miocene epoch (iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-12-8 ezedlule), izinsalela zezilwane zitholakala eMpumalanga Afrika, eYurophu naseChina, lapho ososayensi-paleoanthropologists banikeze indima yegatsha lokuziphendukela kwemvelo kusuka kuma-proonsulids kuya kuma-hominids wangempela. I-Driopithecus (isiGreki "sokushayela" - isihlahla) - izimbongolo zasendulo ezazibizwa kanjalo, ezaba ukhokho ovamile wezimpukane, ama-gorilla nabantu. Izingosi ezitholakele kanye nokuthandana kwazo zenza kube lula ukuqonda ukuthi lezi zinkabi, zangaphandle ezifana nezimpukane zanamuhla, zakha abantu abaningi kuqala e-Afrika, bese zisakazwa lonke elaseYurophu nasezwekazi lase-Eurasia.

Njengoba ikhula cishe ngo-60 cm, lezi zilwane zazama ukuhamba emlenzeni wezansi, kodwa ikakhulukazi zazihlala ezihlahleni futhi zinezandla "ezinde". Izinkabi zasendulo ze-driopithecus zadla amajikijolo nezithelo, ezilandela isakhiwo semikhumbi yazo, eyayingenhla koqweqwe lwawo lwama-koqweqwe lwawo. Lokhu kubonisa ubuhlobo obonakalayo be-driopithecus nomuntu, kanti ukutholakala kwama-canines athuthukisiwe kwenza kube ngumbono ongenakulinganiswa wezinye izinhlanzi - izimpukane nama-gorilla.

I-Giantopithecines

Ngo-1936, amazinyo amaningana angavamile, ama-monkey angavamile, afana nabantu, awela ngezandla zabahlengikazi be-paleontologists. Yaba yisizathu sokuvela kwezinguquko zezingxenye zabo ezivela egatsheni elingaziwayo lokuziphendukela kwemvelo labokhokho babantu. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuvela kwalezi zinkolelo kwakuyisayizi enkulu yamazinyo - ayephindwe kabili ngobukhulu bamazinyo ka gorilla. Ngokwezibalo zongcweti kwavela ukuthi abanikazi babo babenokukhula okungaphezu kwamamitha amathathu!

Ngemuva kweminyaka engama-20, kutholakala umhlathi wonke onamazinyo afanayo, futhi izinkawu zasendulo-iziqhwaga ezivela e-fantasy eerie zaphenduka iqiniso lezesayensi. Ngemuva kokuthandana okunembile kwalabo abatholayo, kwacaca ukuthi izimbongolo ezinkulu ze-anthropoid zazikhona ngesikhathi esifanayo nePithecanthropus (isiGreki esithi "Pitekos" - i-monkey) - ape-abantu, okungukuthi, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1 edlule. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi yizona ezihamba phambili zomuntu, ezibandakanyeka ekushabalaleni kwenkulu kunazo zonke izinkawu ezazikhona emhlabeni.

Amantombazane amakhulu

Ukuhlaziywa kwemvelo lapho kutholakala khona izingcezu zamathambo amakhulu, futhi ukuhlolwa kwemihlathi namazinyo ngokwayo kwasisiza ukuba sithole ukuthi izihlahla nezinye izimila zisebenza njengesidlo esikhulu se-gigantopithecines. Kodwa kwakukhona amacala okutholakala emaphandleni, lapho athola khona amathambo ezilwane, izimpondo nezinselo, okwakwenza ukuba kuthathwe njenge-omnivores. Kwakukhona namathuluzi amakhulu amatshe.

Ngakho-ke isiphetho esinengqondo: i-gigantopitek - i-monkey yamandulo yasemanzini kuze kube ngamamitha angu-4 ubude futhi isisindo esingaba yingxenye yethani - elinye igatsha elingakapheli lokuhlenga. Kusungulwa ukuthi isikhathi sokuqothulwa kwabo sihambisana nokunyamalala kwamanye ama-giant anthropoid - i-Australopithecus yase-Afrika. Isizathu esingaba yi-cataclysms yezulu, eye yaba yingozi kuma-hominids amakhulu.

Ngokwezinkolelo zama-cryptozoologists (i-cryptos yesiGreki - eyimfihlakalo, efihlekile), ama-gigantopithecini ngabanye asinda ezikhathini zethu futhi akhona ezindaweni ezilukhuni zokufinyelela eMhlabeni, edala izindabakwane nge "snowman", Yeti, Bigfoot, i-Alma-Ata, njalonjalo.

Izindawo ezimhlophe ku-biography ye-Homo sapiens

Naphezu kwempumelelo ye-paleoanthropology, emkhathini wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, lapho indawo yokuqala ehlala khona izinkawu zasendulo, okuvela kuyo indoda, kukhona ukuhluleka okungapheli iminyaka eyizigidi. Zibonakaliswa ngokungabikho kwezixhumanisi ezinesayensi - izakhi zofuzo, i-microbiological, i-anatomical, njll - ukuqinisekiswa kobudlelwane nezinhlobo zangaphambili nezalandela ze-hominids.

Akungabazeki ukuthi kancane kancane izindawo ezinjalo ezimhlophe emlandweni wemvelaphi yomuntu ziyophela, futhi ukuzwa mayelana nokuqala kwangaphandle noma okuvela kuNkulunkulu kwempucuko yethu, okuvezwa ngezikhathi eziteshini zokuzijabulisa, akuhlangene nesayensi yangempela.