Kuyini ithini inhlupho?

Kakade BC IV yeminyaka, isintu siye aziwa mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu tin ngokwemvelo. Ngazo zonke izikhathi, insimbi kwakubiza kakhulu ngenxa inaccessibility yayo. Kulesisimo-ke, ngako lengatfolakali imithombo isiGreki sasendulo saseRoma ebhaliwe.

Tin nge ithusi uba ingxenye kathayela ngethusi. It yasungulwa phakathi noma ekupheleni III yeminyaka BC. Njengoba zethusi endulo ayebhekwa isikhathi eside kunazo zonke kuzo zonke Alloys ezaziwayo, ithini wawubhekwa njengophawu metal zamasu. Lesi simo sengqondo ziqhubeka phezu ayizinkulungwane 2. Iminyaka.

idiphozi

Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke okubhukuda zitholakala eNingizimu ye-Asia China. Kunalokho ezifakwa olubanzi nazo ezitholakala e-Australia naseNingizimu Melika (Peru, Brazil, Bolivia). ERussia, imali zitholakala eKhabarovsk Territory, endaweni libalele (Sable kanye nomkhosi), endaweni Verkhnebureinsky (Pravourmiyskoe). Ngaphezu kwalokho, imali etholakala Chukotka. Nazi Pyrkakayskie Stockworks, isigodi / Valkumey okwami, Iultin. ukuthuthukiswa yabo yavalwa ngo-90s. ithini ezifakwa futhi sasiphila endaweni Kr Seaside. endaweni Kavalerovo e Yakutia (Iphini elisebenza), kanye nezinye izifunda.

Ukufa bomkhankaso kuya-South Pole

Ngo-1910 amaphoyisa uCaptain Robert Scott - Umhloli wamazwe polar olusuka eNgilandi - uhambo. Yasungulelwa eSouth Pole. Nakuba kule ndawo le ndoda yayingazimisele. Lolu hambo kwakuthatha izinyanga eziningi. Bahamba endleleni expanses leli zwekazi Arctic. Endleleni bashiya emafektri encane ngokudla nangokwenama kaphalafini. Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1912, lo mkhankaso safinyelela isigxobo. Nokho, ukuze ukuphoxeka esikhulu abahambi, bathola inothi aveza ukuthi ngenyanga ngaphambili, wavakashela uRoald Amundsen. Nokho, kwakungekhona inkinga eyinhloko. Endleleni emuva isitokwe lokuqala ithimba Scott yathola ukuthi isitsha lapho kaphalafini kwaba, wema ezingenalutho. Frozen, abantu ukhathele wayengakwazi efudumele noma ukupheka ukudla. Uma he finyelela kwakubucayi kuya ishede olandelayo, bathola ukuthi kukhona bafike bachitha amabhakede anendle awunalutho. Ayisekho kokuba amandla okumelana amakhaza, wonke amalungu bomkhankaso wafa.

nezinye yokuguqukela kwesinye isimo

Ekupheleni kwekhulu elidlule waseHolland eRussia waya ukuqeqesha. Kwakukhona Amabha ithini. E-Moscow, izinqola avuleka. Esikhundleni Amabha abamukeli wabona grey ndawo ofanele powder. Ngesikhathi, uhambo wathunyelwa eSiberia. Ubethula ehlome kahle. Expedition abagqugquzeli enikeziwe eziningi imininingwane ukubanda okwedlulele abayekanga abajikelezayo. Nokho, omunye isigwebo wayesalokhu wavuma. Zihambi zaletha nabo isidlo kusuka ithini. Ngokushesha, uma kunesithwathwa okokuqala sikhuntile zibe impuphu. Abavakashi baphoqeleka ukuba usike izitsha ezenziwe ngokhuni. Ekuqaleni le XX leminyaka Petersburg kwelinye emafektri khona kungamanyala. Ukucwaningwa yathola ukuthi zonke iyunifomu wanyamalala izinkinobho. Kunalokho, ibhokisi kwaba grey kuphela powder. Wathunyelwa elabhorethri. Abacwaningi baphetha, wamshaya metal ithini inhlupho. Ngokwezinye izazi-mlando, njengoba esinye sezizathu ezathonya kokunqotshwa ibutho French ebusika 1812, kungase kube ukunyamalala izinkinobho ne nenyumfomu yamasosha.

Ezama ukuchaza lomkhuba

Kuzo zonke izimo ngenhla, kuye kwaba ngumkhuba tin isifo. Kuyini lokhu? Ngo-1868, Academician Fritzsche wethule umbiko emhlanganweni we Petersburg Academy. Kuyo, wakhuluma ngokuthi isitimela kwatholakala powder esikhundleni tin Amabha njengoba izinkinobho ahlakazekile ngasemlonyeni izimpahla wezempi. Ngemva Ekhuluma nabase-Academy owayezofika lenqwaba imilayezo efanayo. Bonke babevela ezingxenyeni ezahlukene e-Europe, futhi abanye - ngisho kusuka eNyakatho neMelika. Kuthiwa Ephakathi abasontayo abangenalwazi babekholelwa ukuthi isifo tin - kuyinto umthelela zensimbi amabutho amnyama ezibangela uyathakatha. Isethi yimuphi abesifazane elingenacala zishe esigxotsheni. Kodwa nge ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha isayensi engenangqondo kwalamatleyimi sekuvame sobala. Nokho, ukuchaza indlela kukhona isifo tin okungukuthi, ososayensi yayingakwazi ngenxa isikhathi eside. Ucwaningo kwaqina ngemva kokufa ithimba Scott. Iqiniso lokuthi amathini, owawungumnyaka iziketekete babe tin uphawu. Metal yaphenduka yimpuphu ketshezi Kwaphuma.

Ukwakheka metal

Kwaze kwaba yilapho sebeshiye usebenzisa-X-ray ukuhlaziywa, ososayensi bakwazi ukuchaza kanjani kukhona isifo ithini. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kungenxa isakhiwo ethile metal. -X-ray ukuhlaziywa ukuvumele ukubheka ngaphakathi izinto ukuhlola isakhiwo sabo crystalline. Ngenxa incazelo yesayensi lomkhuba kwathiwa zavela. Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi zensimbi zingase zibe izinhlobo ezahlukene crystalline. Ukuguqulwa esitebeleni kakhulu evamile (Igumbi) lokushisa noma lokushisa aphakeme kuyinto ithini. Lokhu metal kuyinto viscous and plastic. Uma izinga lokushisa lehla ngezansi 13 deg., I ngehele crystal iqala ukuba kabusha. Athomu ahlelwe isikhala buqamama okukhulu. Akha ukuguqulwa entsha metal - grey ithini. It ilahlekelwa impahla yayo yasekuqaleni. Empeleni, insimbi alibe lisaba futhi iba Semiconductor. Ezindaweni lokuxhumana ezahlukene crystal ngamahele kokuba ekucindezelekeni yangaphakathi. Bona kuholele ngokuhlaziya isakhiwo. Ngenxa yalokho, i-metal disintegrates zibe impuphu. Futhi kukhona ithini inhlupho.

umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama

Kufanele ukuthi isifo ithini izithombe ethulwa isihloko basakaza masinyane ngokwanele (Cishe kufana Ubhubhane abantu). -Daylight eyodwa ukuguqulwa kuya komunye, kunokuba ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa kuma. lokuguqulwa sayo esiphezulu ifinyelela at -33 degrees. Yingakho abandayo ngakho asebenzelana ngokushesha yonke imikhiqizo. Kulokhu, ithini inhlupho ihamba kusukela izinto "ogulayo" ukuze "impilo yokuzinakekela". Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa Ibilokhu yonakalisa eziningi amaqoqo ebaluleke kunayo amasosha ithoyizi. Ngokwesibonelo, inqwaba izibalo waphendukela powder endaweni yokugcina ka-Museum Suvorov Petersburg. Kwasekusithi kusukela ukuthi ebusika oyedwa ibhethri engaphansi ekuqhumeni.

"Medicine" kusukela lesi sifo

Ososayensi bebelokhu ngifuna indlela ukuvimbela "isifo" metal. Out of the isimo bathole British Guild of abakhiqizi. Baqamba ingxubevange entsha. Okuhambisana ithini nensimbi, izakhiwo zalo eliletha ukuthula nonconstant. Ingxubevange omusha ubizwa ngokuthi "pewter". Lalihlanganisa 95% ithini 2% yethusi 5% antimony. Pewter isetshenziswa womshini ubucwebe, izinto zasekhaya, glassware nokunye. Kuthiwa zonke abadumile Cup Melika, kanye imifanekiso "Oscar" zakhiwe pewter, bese embozwe isiliva negolide Plating. Base asesabi nanoma yisiphi isifo ithini.