I-Criminology yi ... isayensi ye-Forensic

Umqondo yobugebengu zisendaweni ebalulekile e kolwazi lwesayensi, okuyinto yakha isisekelo ukuqeqeshwa professional abaphenyi kanye abaphenyi, abahluleli kanye abashushisi, abasebenzi wokusebenza kanye nochwepheshe, kanye abameli. Lokhu isiyalo ithuthukisa futhi kuthuthukisa amacebo, izindlela kanye nezindlela uphenyo, nokuthola nokuvikela izenzo ezingekho emthethweni.

Indaba

I izimfanelo ukuvela wobuchwepheshe kwezobugebengu wenza yaba ukukhula okukhulu kanye professionalization secala ukuthi ezenzeka eYurophu engxenyeni kwekhulu le-19 yesibili. Izindlela, amasu kanye namathuluzi ukuze ahlole imisebenzi yobulelesi ukuthi sezisunguliwe ngaleso sikhathi, akabanga yesayensi okunzima. Kule ndaba, ukulwa kokubili ubugebengu qualitatively futhi quantitatively washintsha akangayiletha umphumela oyifunayo.

Umlando wobuchwepheshe kwezobugebengu wenza njengoba isayensi waqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Phakathi nale nkathi, ososayensi base-Austria - uprofesa waseyunivesithi e Prague kanye Graz Gansom Grossom - abangu ehlelekile eqoqwe nophenyo ngesikhathi cognition. Bamangala nalapho umsebenzi wokuqala ku forensics lalotshwa. Ngo 1892, izwe wabona incwadi. Lalibizwa ngokuthi "Iziqondiso abaphenyi forensic njengoba uhlelo kwezobugebengu." Lo msebenzi, wamemezela ukuzalwa kwesayensi entsha.

Hans Gross yena nakho umsebenzi okuphenya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayazi izinto eziyisisekelo natural sciences kanye abaningi wahlanganyela microscopy nezithombe. Encwadini yakhe ethi, usosayensi yembula umqondo wobuchwepheshe kwezobugebengu wenza uqobo, okuqukethwe kanye nezinselelo ezibhekene ke. Gross wabhekisela nasekugcwalisekeni kungenzeka yokusebenzisa ukuze kuphenywe imishini zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe kanye athuthukile ezinye izindlela namasu okuphenya.

Umlando wobuchwepheshe kwezobugebengu wenza eRussia sihlehlela emuva kuphela ekhulwini lama-20. Kwakuwusuku okokuqala ziye kwenziwe ucwaningo kule ndawo. Lawa uhlu imisebenzi Bura ezithinta emkhakheni luhlolo forensic kwemibhalo nezithombe. Emangazayo umsebenzi Lebedev mayelana fingerprinting futhi Brazol futhi Tregubova ngoba inqubo okuphenya kanye nomthetho wezobugebengu.

Isidingo ukuvela yobugebengu

Ubugebengu sekuneminyaka cishe wonke umlando womuntu futhi ubelokhu udaba hot ukuthi uhluphile umbono womphakathi njalo. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. kukhona izinto esihle ukwanda enanini lama-elementi lobugebengu. Lezi ezizathwini zihlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, izimo zenhlalo, njll Kodwa-ke kufanele ukuthi iqembu lobugebengu obuhleliwe, kunoma yiliphi izwe likhula kuphela uma kwenzeka ukuthi abomthetho ngeke ukumelela izithakazelo esisemthethweni izakhamuzi. Ukuphenywa izenzo ezingekho emthethweni ezenziwa maqembu kunzima kakhulu.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. izigebengu behlome ngemibese ezokuthutha emisha nangezindlela lobuchwepheshe. Uphenyo zobugebengu obenziwa kubo uqale ukuba ajabhise amaphoyisa aqapha. Lesi simo uyalandelwa eFrance, eJalimane, e-England nase-e-United States. Yingakho ohulumeni emazweni amaningi sibhekene umsebenzi wokudala nolwazi umkhakha, uyakwazi nimelana omusha ngokwesigaba izinga zobugebengu.

Imisebenzi eyinhloko isayensi forensic

Umsebenzi, eyabhalwa Gross, wanika ezandleni ochwepheshe kanye abaphenyi ihlolwe umkhuba nezindlela ubufakazi-based, amasu kanye esebenzisa ukudalulwa, kanye nokuvimbela lobu bugebengu kunzima kakhulu. Singasho ukuthi isayensi forensic - isiyalo eziphathelene izenzo ezingekho emthethweni mshini kwemithetho. Sidingida kanjani ukuthola ulwazi oludingekayo mayelana nobugebengu kanye abahlanganyela kuso. ucwaningo yobugebengu uqokomisa nezindaba kwemithetho, ukusetshenziswa kanye nokuhlola ubufakazi.

Forensics - isayensi zomthetho. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, wabe esefaka isicelo bemvelo. imisebenzi Jikelele criminalistics - ukuletha imisebenzi yonke komthetho ezingeni yokucabanga yesayensi, ukuhlomisa ukuba sisebenze izindlela zanamuhla kakhulu, izindlela lasetjentiswako yosesho kanye umsebenzi engqondweni yethu. Konke lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze sifinyelele umgomo oyinhloko - ukuxazulula ubugebengu.

Ukulwisana izenzo ezingekho emthethweni umsebenzi oyinhloko isayensi embuzweni. Nokho, kufanele kusho ukuthi yobugebengu - akuyona umlingani zalowo mahluleli noma umphenyi. It is a ithuluzi azinikwa ezandleni zakhe, okuvumela ukuba uthole iqiniso okuyilonalona.

imisebenzi Special criminalistics mayelana utadisha imithetho inhloso ukuthi zakha isisekelo nodaba lesi siyalo. Lezi zihlanganisa:

- Ukuthuthukiswa kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela njengoba ngesisekelo izindlela kanye esebenzisa nophenyo zokwahlulela, kanye nokuvimbela izenzo ezingekho emthethweni;
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinga ekhona kanye nokuthuthukiswa entsha amathuluzi obuchwepheshe, iziqondiso kanye amaqhinga seqoqo ucwaningo ezibonakalayo, luhlolo kanye nokusebenzisa ubufakazi;
- wokutadisha nokusebenzisa nakho angaphandle komthetho.

Ukuqaliswa imisebenzi jikelele futhi eqondile criminalistics kungenzeka kuphela emva zinsaba ephakanyiswe esikhathini esithile. ivolumu yabo ihlukile. Futhi ukwelapha izinkinga ezithile bengayi kuphela yobugebengu theory. Bona ukuxhumana nabanye izindawo ulwazi, kodwa futhi umkhiqizo ngokwesayensi.

Ukuthuthukiswa yobugebengu wanika ngemuva ukuvela iziqondiso eziqondile. Esikhathini esithile kwakukhona izindlela ukudalulwa kanye nokwebiwa kwamadokodo impahla yomphakathi isimo, ku isicelo izindlela physics ubugebengu ukuxazulula, njll

Ngesikhathi sigaba samanje yentuthuko kwezobugebengu, kukhona imisebenzi ekhethekile, ngokuqukethwe ezingokoqobo. Basitshela okulandelayo:

- ekwandiseni kwenkululeko idatha logic kanye psychology, ezisetshenziswa wezesayensi yomthetho;
- isicelo cybernetics impumelelo;
- ukuthuthukiswa imibuzo ucwaningo lezinto edlulisa luhlolo;
- izindlela liqine izimbangela nemibandela ezibe nomthelela ikhomishana izenzo zobugebengu.

Phakathi imisebenzi eqondile isayensi forensic esigabeni samanje yentuthuko salo kubukezwe lonke uhlelo ngamaqhinga ekhona, kanye ngezigaba izindlela zobugebengu ukwenza, ukusetshenziswa lapho kwenziwa ukuphenya kusimangaze isici, njll

uhlelo isayensi

Noma yimuphi isiyalo lonke iqoqo izingxenye kokuba uxhumano yemvelo yangaphakathi. forensics uhlelo ezine. Phakathi kwabo kukhona lokhu okulandelayo:

- methodological (theory) nohlaka;
- imishini imvelo forensic;
- Amacebo forensic;
- izinqubo eziphathelene uphenyo kohlobo oluthile imisebenzi engekho emthethweni.

Njengoba for engxenyeni yokuqala kohlelo kwezobugebengu, kuba iqoqo imiqondo theory, izimiso zefilosofi imikhakha nezokuxhumana kanye nezindlela isiyalo. Le ngxenye isayensi kuhlanganisa imiqondo yakha umqondo izimpokophelo isihloko isiyalo, imithetho sokuthuthuka, futhi esikhundleni sokuba ithatha emkhakheni kolwazi lwesayensi. Kulesi sigaba kukhona theory yangasese. Zibonisa yi wokwazi imithetho inhloso ukuthi kukhona eziyisisekelo ekuthuthukiseni izindlela, amasu, amathuluzi kanye nezincomo. Zisetshenziswa ekulweni nobugebengu.

Eyesibili kwesigaba forensics study labo amaphethini ukuthi kukhona imfuneko ekwakhekeni impahla iminonjana kwesokunxele izigebengu. Ngesisekelo lolu lwazi wenza ekuthuthukiseni izindlela, izindlela nezindlela ukuze kutholwe, ukususwa, kanye nesifundo kwesikhashana lezi zinhlobo zezindwangu.

forensics ukubukwa uhlelo futhi into ezifana iqhinga. Lona legatsha wesithathu isayensi, okutshengisa iphethini nesenzakalo, ukuwudlulisa ekulondolozweni trace ekahle lobugebengu. Iphinde uhlola Psychology yokuxhumana kanye nobudlelwano phakathi abantu abathintekayo uphenyo lokuqala. Kulesi sisekelo, futhi zazikhiqiza izinhlobo eziningi zala izindlela ezingokoqobo kunikela imihlangano izenzo okuphenya kukhona ngaphansi kwekhodi Criminal Procedure.

Ingxenye yokugcina, okubandakanya forensics - inqubo ephathelene uphenyo kohlobo oluthile ubugebengu. Le ngxenye isayensi uchaza izindlela kanye nezindlela ezibeka uhlobo oluthile imisebenzi engekho emthethweni, kanye iminonjana kwesokunxele emuva kwesehlakalo lobugebengu. Ngesisekelo lolu lwazi athuthukile algorithm ekhethekile (eziyisisekelo) ukukhiqizwa zonke izigaba imisebenzi uphenyo ezimweni ejwayelekile.

Zonke izigaba wobuchwepheshe kwezobugebengu wenza organically ezixhunyiwe. Futhi ngowokuqala wabo kwabekwa nesisekelo esingokwesayensi sokuba ubuchwepheshe, kanye amaqhinga, futhi amasu ukuthi isakhiwa lesi siyalo.

Yini ukutadisha yobugebengu?

Isihloko sale kwesiyalo imithetho mshini izenzo ezingekho emthethweni, kanye ukuqoqwa ucwaningo olwengeziwe kanye nokuhlola ubufakazi. Lokhu kungenzeka futhi ihlanganisa izindlela kanye nezindlela uphenyo kanye nokuvimbela izenzo zobugebengu.

Into enjengale into yobugebengu, kuba eduze okuhlobene isihloko ukutadisha lesi siyalo. It liqukethe izingxenye ezimbili. Eyokuqala wabo - imisebenzi izakhi lobugebengu. Esesibili - umsebenzi izinhlangano komthetho ukudalula kanye ukuvimbela malpractices.

Into wobuchwepheshe kwezobugebengu wenza izifundo hhayi kuphela isiyalo. Itholakala endaweni ukunakekela izibalo enkantolo, zobulelesi , njll Nokho, ngalinye kulawa wesayensi ukutadisha lezi izinto, ukuze baxazulule izinkinga zabo.

ukuhlonza forensic

Njalo ubugebengu obenziwa emhlabeni wangempela. Wavele kwacaca nje endaweni lapho izenzo ezingekho emthethweni, zikhona amathrekhi ahlukahlukene lapho uphenyo kuyadingeka ukuze sithole ubuhlobo yanoma yiziphi amasayithi kumcimbi ekhubazekile. Futhi nanku uza kuze forensics usizo. Ubunikazi ingenye izindlela zayo, okuvumela ekutadisheni into ethile okuqondene yayo ubugebengu. Usetha ke kusukela izinto eziningi ezifanayo kuyo.

I abaphenyi futhi kuphakama izifundo ukuhlonza forensic. Lawa amaqembu abathintekayo zobulelesi. Kulesi uhlu kukhona abaphenyi kanye abaphenyi, ochwepheshe nabahluleli, abasolwa futhi izisulu, njll Ngamunye wabo uyayixazulula inkinga ukuhlonza ngokuhambisana nezinhlinzeko zalo zenqubo futhi kuvunyelwe ngumthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ubungoti ezindabeni isayensi forensic kungacacisa ukuthi noma ngabe into sikhali ukubulala. Ufakazi owabona isephulamthetho bungabonakala ezibonakala ngaphandle kulona uwakhumbule. into ngayinye kwemvelo thina empeleni Ziningi izici izakhiwo.

Izinto kuhluke umumo kanye nosayizi, umbala kanye nokusungulwa, njll ukuhlonza cwaningo Forensic, akuzona zonke izici izakhiwo. Ikakhulu le ndlela sisebenza kuphela ku-izici zangaphandle into ziboniswa ngezindaba ezihlukahlukene ezithakazelisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, maholoholo ka blade oluthile ngembazo kungaba avelele phezu wagawula isihlahla. Kuyefana nasendleleni izici emimoya ukubukeka komuntu. Ziboniswa esithombeni noma kwimemori ngokufakaza.

Uhlelo izinhlangano forensic eRussia

Eyokuqala uchwepheshe isikhungo ezweni lethu yasungulwa Petersburg ngo 1889. Umsunguli wawo kwaba EF Bura. Kakade 1892, waqala ukusebenza forensic laboratory lokushicilela. Yasungulwa ngomyalo Ministry of Justice. Ngandlela-thile kamuva, izikhungo efanayo avuleka emadolobheni amaningi aseRussia. Kwakumelwe kubalulekile iziphathimandla komthetho futhi lisetshenziswe izinqubo yolwazi ekhethekile. Kwakukhona amakamelo okudlela kuhlolisiswa zesayensi kanye izinsalela, kamuva siguqulelwa Institute. Ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II, lezi zinhlangano anikwa igama elisha. Yabe seyaziwa ngokuthi laboratories zocwaningo forensic.

Ngo-1944 waqala umsebenzi walo Central laboratory forensic. It kwakuhlelwa UMnyango Wezobulungisa USSR. Kamuva, ngesisekelo Institute yayo wobuchwepheshe kwezobugebengu wenza yadalwa. Agcina eseyinto Central Research Institute yokuhlolwa forensic. Nanguya namuhla. Manje Russian Federal Centre of Forensic at RF Ministry of Justice. Uhlelo oholwa ejensi, ingxenye eyinhloko oda zamashumi ayisihlanu nabantu laboratories ezifundazweni.

Kukhona nezinye izinhlangano kulo mkhakha kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-ejensi forensic ka yangaphakathi izindaba ejensi abasebenza ngaphansi Ministry of Justice. Scenic Centre yabo Forensic Russian Wezangaphakathi. It yadalwa ngo-1992 kwakuwukuthi kwalesi sikhungo kukhona neminyango forensic nokuhlukana, ukulawula kanye laboratory.

Ukusetshenziswa forensics ngokuhamba enkantolo

ulwazi lwesayensi Specific ngokuphathelene imisebenzi izakhi lobugebengu, kanye umsebenzi ukukhomba kubo, asetshenziswa ukunquma iqiniso ekwenzeni isinqumo sokugcina. Ikakhulu, i-Sciences Forensic Inikeza ithuba lokubhekisisa ngokwakhayo Luhlolo ezengeziwe. Ngosizo lwawo zigcwalise lezo zikhala enziwa phakathi nophenyo ukuthethwa kwecala.

Kuze kube muva nje, i-impumelelo emkhakheni izinkantolo yobugebengu esetshenziswa ngokungaqondile. Le nqubo isifundo nokuhlola mathiriyeli icala lobugebengu liye elalenjiwe eqoqwe yinoma umseshi. Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo ne ukungena force of umagazini omusha we Ikhodi Criminal Procedure, inkantolo saba nethuba yangempela ukuqoqa ubufakazi. Basuke etholwe ngesikhathi ezimele izenzo okuphenya noma ezinye zenqubo.

Enye indlela ukubhekana izikhala ezikhona isilingo okuphenya. Ezimweni eziningi, isayensi yesimanje forensic isebenzisa ukuqinisekisa idatha eyatholakala ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, ucwaningo, njll Umkhuba futhi imfundiso lokuhlolwa okuphenya sekuyisikhathi eside wasebenza izindlela zesayensi etholakalayo. Le ndlela, esetshenziselwa yinkantolo, kungenzeka ukunikeza imiphumela ngempumelelo. It ikuvumela ukuba ukunquma amathuba ikhomishini ubugebengu kwabalelwa ummangalelwa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ayengakwazi khona ukususa izinto besiyoba sikhulu ngembobo esidayisa ophahleni, ayenaso amakhono adingekayo ukuze benze izenzo ezingekho emthethweni, njll

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-kuhlolwa ukuqeda ngempumelelo ukuphikisana okukhona. Ake sithi ungufakazi, isisulu noma ummangalelwa abaphikelela bezama inguqulo yakhe. Kulokhu, iza ukusiza uchwepheshe ngubani ihlola ngamunye ongakhetha wezwa, ngokusekelwe olwazini nasekuqondeni ezikhethekile. Kahle kahle, lokhu kungenzeka zihlobene esimweni ushayisile imoto noma lapho omunye wabashayeli ngendlela yabo uchaza izimbangela ingozi.

Examination eyenziwa ngokuhamba zobulelesi, kuwuhlobo ubuhlobo, okuyinto uhlelo yezenzo obukhethekile phakathi kwabahluleli ummangalelwa, ummeli wommangalelwa, abaphenyi, bashushisi, ofakazi futhi abanye abahlanganyeli eenkambisweni zobulelesi.

Stakeout indoda umusho kufanele abe ukulungisiswa egcwele. Yingakho izinkantolo kufanele ihlole zonke izimo ezidinga ulwazi olukhethekile ubuchwepheshe, isayensi, yezandla, noma eminye imikhakha yomsebenzi. Imiphumela etholwe akudingeki izinzuzo phezu kwezinye ebufakazini obutholakalayo. Ziyakwazi kuncike kokuhlaziywa amandla futhi yokuqinisekisa wabahluleli.

kuqhubeke Forensic

Esinye sezihloko ezihlanganisayo wafunda abafundi umthetho ngempela forensics. Izinkulumo kule isiyalo nomthelela ohlelweni izindlela ukuthola, izitatimende yesayensi, kanye nocwaningo weengidi.

Isihloko lesi simiso nesigcino idatha etholakalayo empeleni ezihlobene icala ngaphansi kophenyo. Objects kuqhubeke Forensic - igesi kanye nezibhamu, izinto wadubula olandelayo, kanye nezinhlamvu kanye izingxenye zawo. Izinhloso eziyinhloko ukuhlonza neluhlolo ngesinqumo lwezindaba kungakanani abakwaziyo kanye nokuhlola ngezigaba.

Ukuxhumana nezinye izinhlobo zesayensi

Isiyalo ithuthukisa izindlela zobugebengu futhi abomthetho, esiseduzane ezindaweni ezimayelana lobugebengu umjikelezo umthetho. Ezinjalo zobugebengu cwaningo Amathrendi, kanye nokuthuthukisa izindlela yangasese futhi ezivamile ukuze zilwe nabo, kanye yobugebengu. Ngokusho eyala izinkulumo kumele ngempela ukulalela abafundi umthetho. Lezi wesayensi zihlanganisa umthetho lobugebengu kanye yobugebengu, umthetho lokujeziswa futhi inqubo lobugebengu, izibalo zobugebengu futhi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela imisebenzi kanye okuphenya. Ingxenye yalo ihlanganisa wezifo zengqondo kanye imithi izinsalela, kanye psychology.

eduze kakhulu ehlangene forensics lobugebengu yinqubo. Ekuqaleni, lezi eyala ezimbili kunenjongo ezivamile futhi izinto zokutadisha.

Forensics yavela labetibambile isinyathelo ukwakha parallel inqubo lobugebengu. Kuphela kuze kube sezingeni ukuthuthukiswa yayo kwaba isayensi somthetho esizimele. Izinqubo ezibhekene nokujeziswa kwezephulamthetho has a uhlamvu evelele normative. Kuchaza izimo zisebenzisa ngaphansi okuyinto izincomo forensic ukuthi ukukhonza ukuxazulula ubugebengu futhi ngokwengxenye ngoba zomthetho. zobulelesi ibonisa inqubo yomthetho okufanele kwenzeke ngesikhathi uphenyo.

Amathuluzi, iziqondiso kanye namasu akhiwa forensics, okubhekiswe ekusunguleni iqiniso. Futhi konke lokhu ngo kohlaka izidingo inqubo lobugebengu.

It has a ubuhlobo obuseduze nomunye forensics isayensi. Kuyinto umthetho lobugebengu. imiqondo Criminological ka mshini ukwenza izenzo ezingekho emthethweni kanye namasu uphenyo akhiwa ngesisekelo ulwazi inhlangano engokomthetho. Phela, ngaphambi uphenyo kubalulekile ukukhomba izici yayo eqondile izakhi zalo ephambili. Ungabi isayensi ezifana forensics, eziningi imithetho eziqukethwe Criminal Code, kumane kungavumi ukusebenza ngenxa yokuntuleka amasu uphenyo.