Ukuguqulwa kwePavlovian ka-1991: Ubangela, Imiphumela

Abaningi bakhumbula, ngumuphi unyaka ukuguqulwa kwePavlovian kwaholela ekuhluphekeni kokugcina kwabantu baseSoviet. Kuyinto evamile ukubhekisela kuyo njengokuqala futhi, eqinisweni, uNdunankulu wokugcina weSoviet Union. Masiqhubeke sicabangela lokho izinguquko zikaPavlovian ngo-1991 kwaba: izimbangela, izigaba, imiphumela yezinguquko.

Isimo ezweni

Ukuqala kuka-1991 akuzange kulungele kahle iSoviet Union ewa. Ukungqubuzana kwe-interethnic kwande emaphethelweni ezwe, kwaba khona ukulahleka komhlaba ezitolo, abantu bahlanganiswe emigqeni emikhulu. Ukuguqulwa kwezomnotho kwe-Gorbachev akuzange kuholele kunoma yini, i-perestroika ayizange ibe khona. Uhulumeni wazama ukuhamba ukusuka ohlelweni lokuhweba. Noma kunjalo, isikhungo sikahulumeni sasingakulungele lokhu - kwakungekho abantu abadingekayo kanye nemizimba ezweni. Inqwaba yabantu abakwazanga ukuzinikela ngokudla okwanele kanye nezimpahla zezimboni. Abantu basetshenziselwa ukuchitha amashalofu. Isenzakalo esihle kuphela ngaleso sikhathi kwaba ukukhokha okuqinile komholo omncane. Ngokungangabazeki, ubuholi bezwe baqonda ukuthi uma beqala ukubambezela ukukhokhwa komsebenzi, lokhu kuzoholela ekubhikeleni ngobuningi. Futhi lo hulumeni awukwazanga ukuwuvumela. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, abantu abazange bafune ubuningi bezinto ezibonakalayo. Isibalo se-USSR sijwayele imikhawulo, ukusweleka, nokuhlukaniswa. Wonke umuntu wayehlala ekhokha ukukhokha, ezama ukunikeza imindeni yabo ukudla, okokuqala ngezindlu, kanti eyesibili enezindlu. Ngokombono weprof. I-Vol'chik, uhlobo lwemali ekhona ngokwezimali okwedlule kubangelwa ukukhubazeka okukhulayo kwezikhungo zombuso wezomnotho ohleliwe. Ukuguqulwa okungahambisani nokuhlaselwa kwonakalisa uhlelo oluphakathi, kepha aluzange lube negalelo ekwakheni izindlela zokulawula izimakethe kanye nezikhungo.

Kungani ukuguqulwa kwePavlovian ka-1991 kwaqala?

Kwakukhona imali eningi ezweni. Kodwa-ke, ezimweni zamanje ezibucayi, zihlala zihlaziywa futhi ziphendulwa zibe yimfucuza engenamsebenzi. Njengesizathu esisemthethweni, ukulwa nama-banknotes amanga "aphonswa esuka phesheya" abizwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni wanquma ukuhoxisa imali engenayo yabakhamuzi. Lokhu kwakha izizathu kwakuvame kakhulu kwizinkolelo zamaSoviet. Ngokungafaneleki, kwacaca kuwo wonke umuntu ukuthi umgomo oyinhloko kwakuwukwehliswa kwamanani asebhange ashicilelwe ngasekupheleni kwawo-1980. Ukufeza iziqiniseko zomphakathi, eziqongelelwe kubantu futhi zandisa ukwehluleka kwemikhiqizo yabathengi.

Umhleli Wokuguqula

Umlobi wezinguquko u-Valentin Pavlov, "umshushisi wombuso ka-53," onguNgqongqoshe wezezimali. Kusukela ngo-1986, wahola iKomidi LoMbuso lika-USSR ngamanani. Ngakho-ke, wayengazi imibono, kodwa isimo sangempela sezindaba. IPavlov sekuyisikhathi eside ifuna izindlela ezahlukene zokuhoxisa imali kubantu, izimpahla ezingaphephile. Njengoba ayephethe ukuthunyelwa kukaNgqongqoshe ngoJulayi 1989, wayehlale ecabangela umbono wezinguquko. Ngaphansi kwecebo lakhe, izinguquko azibandakanyi nje ukuhoxiswa kwemali engaphezu kwemali, kodwa futhi zifaka isandla emazingeni aphakeme, kucatshangelwa izindleko zezinsizakalo nezimpahla.

Izinhlobonhlobo zokuguqulwa

Ukuguqulwa kwezimali kaPavlov ka - 1991 kwakusikisela imibono eminingana. Phakathi kwazo kwakukhona lezo ezazisetshenziswa ngaphambili kwamanye amazwe. Imiqondo eguquguqukayo nayo yasungulwa. Isibonelo, njengenye yezinketho kwakungeniswa "kwemali efanayo" kulandela isibonelo se- chervonets zegolide ze -1920s, kodwa ngokusabalalisa okungewona ukheshi. Omunye umqondo wagcizelela ukukhanselwa kwemali ebhange yangaphambilini ngaphandle kokushintshaniswa kanye nokukhishwa kwemali yokukhishwa kwezikweletu. Izinguquko ezinjalo zenziwa ngo-1948 eJalimane nguCancellor Adenauer. Ngenxa yalokho, "imakethe emnyama" yayisuswe ngokuphelele . Kwakukhona okunye okunye, ukwehlukana kwezinto ezishintshashintshayo, ngokusho ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwePavlovian ka-1991 kungahamba kanjani. Imali, isinxephezelo sokuthi bekufanele sibe ngaphansi kwesamba esinqunyiwe, kwakungekho ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabantu. Noma kunjalo, abaphathi bahloswe ukushintshanisa noshintsho esikalini semali kazwelonke. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwakucatshangelwe ukuhoxisa ukugcinwa ngaphandle kwemali eqondile. UNgqongqoshe wagcizelela ukuqaliswa okusheshayo kwezinguquko ukuze imali ingagcinwanga ebhange, kodwa "emasakeni", abantu babengenaso isikhathi, noma babengenakukwazi ukudlula ngokugcwele. UMnyango wezeMali akazange aqiniseke ukuthi iningi labantu lalingenalutho lokulondoloza emalini amancane, futhi "abantu abangathembeki" kuphela abangakwazi ukugcina izinto ezinkulu ezikhokhweni ezinkulu.

Ukugxila kokuguqulwa

Izinguquko zikaPavlov zika-1991 kwakuzovunyelwa yiGrbochechev. Ukwenza lokhu, kwakudingeka kulungiswe. UPavlov wasebenzisa indlela eyaziwayo. Ehlobo lika-1990, wanikeza incwadi eyimfihlo eGrbachev naseRyzhkov. Kulo, uNgqongqoshe uchaza isidingo sokushintshanisa amanothi angama-50 namashumi ama-ruble angu-1961 c. Iqiniso lokuthi ziyathunyelwa ngaphandle kwezwe. U-Ryzhkov, owayengusihlalo weMkhandlu WeziNgqongqoshe ngalesosikhathi, wacela isiqiniseko seziphathimandla zamasiko. Ukusuka lapho kwabikwa ukuthi umngcele, njengombuso, uwelelwa ngamabhange ama-ruble ayishumi, hhayi amakhulu. Ingxoxo yaqala, ngenxa yalokho uRevkov waxoshwa khona. I-Gorbachev, ngokulahlekelwa ukuvunywa ngokushesha phakathi kwabantu, yayidinga indoda eyayingathwala izinyathelo ngezinyathelo ezizayo. UPavlov wasondela kahle kule ndima. NgoJanuwari 14, 1991, ukhetho lwakhe lwavunyelwa esikhundleni seNdunankulu.

Ukuphathwa kweKhabhinethi

U-Pavlov waqala umsebenzi wakhe njengenhloko-nkulu ngokungazi lutho. Kusuka ekhanda eliphakeme, waqinisekisa ukuthi akukho ukulungiswa kwezinguquko zesikhathi esizayo. Uthe ukuguqulwa kwezezimali kuyingxenye yohlu lonke lwemisebenzi eqondiswe ekuthuthukiseni umnotho. Ukuqaliswa kwezinguquko kwezimali ngaphandle kokuxazulula ezinye izinkinga kungenalutho, ngoba ngeke kuholele kunoma yimiphi imiphumela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uNdunankulu uthe ukuguqulwa kuzodala umnotho we-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-5. Futhi ekupheleni kwenkulumo yakhe, wabonisa ukuthi amandla akhona ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwamabhange azokuvumela ukuba uqoqe inani elidingekile lamabhanti amasha ebhange eminyakeni emithathu.

Injabulo yabantu

Izakhamizi zaseSoviet, okwakuyisikhathi eside bejwayele ukuhlaselwa kwezimfundiso zobuholi, abangazange baqonde ukuthi umnotho wamakethe wawubaluleke kangakanani, bebezizwa bekhohlise ingxenye yeqembu. Abantu bokuqala bombuso kakade bayeka ukujabulela noma yikuphi uhlobo lokuthembela. Ukwaziswa mayelana nokuguqulwa okuzayo kuzohlungwa ngabangane, ngakho-ke ezinye izakhamuzi zakwazi ukushintsha "amakhulu" futhi "ama-dollar amahlanu" kusengaphambili. Ngemuva kokumemezela kwe-exchange, ingxenye yabantu ikwazi "ukushintshanisa" imali kumahhovisi amathikithi eziteshi neziteshi, ezitolo, kulabo abashayeli bamatekisi. Nokho, kwakunabambalwa "abanenhlanhla". Wonke umuntu osolwa ngezinguquko, kodwa akekho owaziyo ukuthi uzokwenzeka nini noma ukuthi uzokwenziwa kanjani. Izinguquko zesikhathi esizayo zaxoxwa kuyo yonke indawo: ekuthuthweni, emayunivesithi, emapulazini ahlangene, embonini, empini. Abaningi babantu bevela ohlangothini olulodwa baye esiphethweni sokuthi "akukho lutho lokusindisa," futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi "bayakhohlisa okufanayo."

Pavlovskaya izinguquko zemali: inkambo "isenzo"

NgoJanuwari 22, i-Gorbachev yasayina isimemezelo, ngokusho ukuthi yiziphi izinkulungwane ezingu-50 kanye nama-ruble banknotes ka-1961 ezaxoshwa emsakazweni. Futhi zishintshaniswa ngezikhwama ezintsha ezincane. Kusukela ngalesi sikhathi, ukuguqulwa kwePavlovian ngo-1991 kwaqala. Abantu babenemali encane kunalokho ababekulindele. Ukushintshaniswa kwekhadi ngesamba sama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-1. Kuthatha izinsuku ezintathu kuphela - kusukela ngoJanuwari 23 kuya ku-25 (kusuka ngoLwesithathu kuya kuLwesihlanu). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhoxiswa kwemali kuma-akhawunti eSberbank kwakunomkhawulo wama-ruble angu-500. Ukushintshaniswa kwavunyelwa kuze kube sekupheleni kukaMashi, kodwa kumakhomishini akhethekile. Babecabanga ngendaba ngayinye yokulahlekelwa yisikhathi esinqunyiwe. Kanye nalokhu, isakhamuzi kwakudingeka sitshele ukuthi uthathe inani elingaphezu kwe-1 000. Isimemezelo sikaMengameli safundwa ngo-9: 00 ebusuku, lapho cishe zonke izinhlangano zingasasebenzi. Izakhamizi eziningi kakhulu ezesabekayo zaqala ukugcina imali yazo. Umuntu othile uthumele ukudluliselwa okuphuthumayo, othile wathenga amathikithi amaningana ngendiza noma isitimela ngezindiza ezahlukene, ukuze zihanjiswe kamuva. Kodwa-ke, bambalwa kuphela abakwazi ukwenza konke lokhu.

Inqubo yokushintshaniswa

Izinguquko zePavlovsk zakha imigqa emikhulu ekuseni ekuseni ngoJanuwari 23. Eminyangweni yemali ye-Savings Bank kwakukhona "izithunywa" zomsebenzi wokuqoqa, oshintshe ama-banknote amaqembu onke. Ukubala kokuphatha ezinsukwini zokusebenza kulungele ingxenye. Izakhamuzi eziningi zazingenaso isikhathi sokuthola kusuka ekukhiqizeni kuya kuma-cash desks. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izindawo ukuphathwa kwendawo kwakuhlangana nabantu. Amahhovisi e-Exchange avuleka ekukhiqizeni, emahhovisi eposi. Emigqeni ngokwazo kwakukhona izingxabano, othile wayegula. Ngenxa yalokho, izinguquko zezimali zePavlovian zavumela abantu ukuba bahoxise ama-ruble ayizigidi ezingu-14. Ngokusho kwabagqugquzeli, bekuhloswe ukuthi kuthathwe imali engaphezu kuka-51.5 billion ku-133 billion (cishe ngo-39%). Izinguquko zikaPavlov, ngaphezu kwalokho, zazibandakanya ukukhishwa kwemali ebhange. Kulezi zimali, u-40% ngonyaka wathweswa icala. Noma kunjalo, ayikwazanga ukutholwa kuze kube ngonyaka ozayo.

Imiphumela

Ukuguqulwa kwePavlovian kuncishise kakhulu imali engenayo kazwelonke. Uma kuqhathaniswa no-1990, wehle ngo-20%. Ngalokhu, ukulahlekelwa kwesabelomali kuye kwanda kakhulu . Ngokwezibalo ezihlukahlukene, ngo-1991 kwaba yi-20-30% ye-GDP. Lapho izinguquko zePavlova seziphelile, umhleli walo wafaka icala ngamabhange angaphandle, ebahlambalaza ngemisebenzi ehlanganisiwe ehloswe ekuhlehliseni ukusakazwa kwemali e-USSR. Esigabeni sesibili sezinguquko, ngaphandle kwesimemezelo sokuqala, kusukela ngo-Ephreli 2, amanani emikhiqizo yabathengi ayenyuke kakhulu ezweni, naphezu kokuthi amashumi eminyaka ahlala ezingeni elizinzile. Konke lokhu kwaholela ekulahlekelweni ngokuphelele kunoma yikuphi ukuzethemba ebuholi beqembu. Abantu babecabanga ukuthi baphangiwe kabili.

Isiphetho

Njengoba imiphumela yombono womphakathi iboniswa, ukuguqulwa kwePavlovian kuye kwaba esinye sezizathu ezibalulekile zokuhluleka kwe-coup d'état. Uyaziwa ukuthi uthathwe yi-conservatives kuhulumeni kanye ne-Politburo yeCPSU Central Committee ngo-1991. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi phakathi kwamalungu eKomidi Eliphuthumayo kwakukhona noguquko uValentin Pavlov. Ngokulandelayo, wathi ngaleso sikhathi bambalwa abantu abaqaphelayo futhi bakholelwa ukuthi akusiyo inkinga yokucabanga eyayiqunyiwe. Ekupheleni kukaJanuwari, inani labantu abangu-91 kuleli lizwe lathi alikho nje kuphela ukukhokha imali ebhange, kodwa nakwezinye izikhathi ezedlule. Abantu abahlala eVladikavkaz, ababone lezi zenzakalo, futhi manje bavame ukukhumbula ukuthi, ngoJanuwari 26, ngosuku olulandelayo emva kokujabula okukhulu, indoda egqoke kahle ephethe i-suitcase yabonakala ekwakheni iBhange likaHulumeni. Wawuvula futhi wathululela ama-ruble angu-50 eqhweni futhi wawashisa. Kusukela embonweni wanamuhla, ngokusho kukaVol'chik, lolu hlobo lwezinguquko aluvumelekile neze. Kodwa-ke, uma sihlola isimo ngendlela efanayo nabaholi besikhathi esidlule, kwakungekho enye indlela yokuguqulwa kwezezimali. Cishe konke ukuguqulwa kwe-USSR kuhlukile kumlingiswa wokuthunjwa. Futhi lesi "sabelo" sakwa-1990 sasihlukile.