Umlando we-chess

Njengeminye imidlalo evezwe emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, i-chess yasungulwa esikhathini eside esidlule. Umlando we-chess, ngokusho kwemithombo ethile, uneminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu ubudala.

Akekho ongasungula iminyaka yabo yeqiniso ngokuthembeka. Ngokusho kwezinganekwane ezidume kakhulu, umlando we-chess waqala cishe ku-1000 BC. Basungulwa umbusi oyedwa ngumuntu omkhulu wezazi zezibalo waseNdiya, obizwa nangokutholakala kokwakhiwa kwezinombolo kumandla. Ekuqaleni kulo mdlalo kwakudingeka ukuba badlale bobabili futhi babhubhise zonke izibalo zabaphikisi, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwashintshwa kancane, futhi abadlali ababili baqala ukudlala i-chess.

Umlando we-chess waqhubeka usakazeka ngaphesheya kweNdiya yasendulo. Kakade ngo-600 BC bavezwe ezinkondlweni zasePheresiya. Ama-Arabhu agcwalise lo mdlalo. Umnqobi ucatshangwa ukuthi nguyena obeka "obala" ophikisanayo - isikhundla emdlalweni, lapho isibalo "inkosi" esasenayo isinyathelo samahhala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusabalalisa kwalolu mdlalo wengqondo kwahlala amakhulu eminyaka emhlabeni jikelele. Umlando we-chess e-Yurophu waqala ngo-1 000 weminyaka BC. E., lapho amaMoor ebayisa eSpain. Khona-ke umdlalo usakazekela e-Italy, eFrance nasePortugal. ISonto LamaKatolika lasabela kabi kabi chess, futhi isikhathi eside bayivimbela. Naphezu kokushushiswa kwesonto, baqhubeka nokuhamba kwabo ngokuncintisana emhlabeni wonke futhi baqhubeka bethuthukiswa. Kukholelwa ukuthi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-10. N. E. Bathole ukubukeka kwabo kwanamuhla. Umlando we-chess eRussia waqala ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwabantu baseTatar-Mongolian, emuva kwekhulu le-9-10. N. E., Futhi kamuva babevame ukulethwa ePoland. Isonto laseRussia futhi livimbela umdlalo we chess isikhathi eside, kodwa kakade ekhulwini le-X-th wadlaliswa ngabantu abaphawulekayo kanye nabalandeli cishe kulo lonke elaseRussia.

Igama elithi "chess" ekuqaleni livela igama lesiPersia elithi "shah" (inkosi) negama lasendulo lesi-Arabhu elithi "umlingani" (wafa). Ngemva kokuvela kwe-chess eYurophu, izincwadi eziningi zabhalwa ngale mdlalo kanye nemfundiso yayo. Imithetho yamanje ye-chess eyaziwa ngokusemthethweni ihluke kancane kulabo abadlala kulo mdlalo eminyakeni engaba ngu-500 eyedlule.

Umdlalo we-chess ungumdlalo lapho abaphikisi ababili behambisa khona izibalo ebhodini lezinsila ezingu-64 ngamakamelo amnyama namhlophe ngokuhambisana nemithetho ethile. Inguqulo evamile kakhulu, eye yaba ukuhlolwa kwesikhathi, i-classical chess. Imithetho yalo mdlalo yamukelwa yi-FIDE (International Chess Federation). Esikhathini esiningi kakhulu semincintiswano emazweni angaphandle, i- "Imithetho Ye-Chess", ebhaliswe ngo-2004 yi-FIDE Congress, isebenza. Ngokusho kwabo, amasimu e-chessboard abizwa ngokuthi amhlophe futhi amnyama. Ngakho-ke, abaphikisi badlala izingcezu ze-chess zombala omhlophe nomnyama (omnyama). Isithombe esibhalwe phansi sebhodi sisho ishadi le-chess. Emincintiswaneni, ibhodi imiswe ukuze insimu yekhoneni lesobunxele idlule kunomdlali ngamunye kumnyama. Uchungechunge oluqondile lwama-cell (amasimu) okuqala nokuphela emasimini omdabu (emaceleni) kuthiwa yi-vertical. Umzila ohamba phambili wezinsimu ubizwa ngokuthi umugqa oqondile. Izinsimu eziningana ezithinta ama-angles kuphela zibizwa ngokuthi i-diagonal. Uchungechunge lwezinsimu ezixakile, izikhungo zazo ezixhunywe ngenye ingxenye yezintambo eziqondile, kuthiwa i-chess line.

Zonke izingcezu ze-chess zinegama lazo, indawo yokulandelana kanye nendawo yokuqala. Izinyathelo zilotshwe ngokusebenzisa imithetho ethile kanye nokwaziswa ngesimo sombhalo okuthiwa i-chess notation. Zonke izibalo zingezolunye lwezinhlobo eziyisithupha, ngayinye yazo enezakhiwo zayo, ezibonakalisiwe ekuhambeni kwazo. Abaphikisi ekuqaleni komdlalo banezicucu ezingu-16 ngalunye. Isethi yabo ephelele ye-monochrome: inkosi, indlovukazi, 2 izindlovu nehhashi, ama-rocky 2, ama-pawn angu-8. Umbala wezibalo unqunywa inkatho. Ukuhlelwa kokuqala kwezingxenye ze-chess kuhlale kungashintshi, ezindaweni ezithile. Izinsimu nezinombolo zibizwa ngokuthi zihlala, futhi ngaphandle kwazo - mahhala. Amagqabi atholakala emasimini 2 no-7 wezingqimba; Ama-rooks - emagumbini, eduze kwawo - amahhashi, ngemuva kwawo - izindlovu. Amakhosikazi atholakala emasimini d1, d8, namakhosi - e1, e8.

Noma yimuphi umdlali e-chess, enye yezinto ezintathu zephathi kungenzeka: ukulahleka, ukudweba, ukunqoba. Uma uphumelela, umphikisi ophumelelayo umemezela "oshade naye" kumuntu olahlekile, futhi uma kuvezwa umdwebo, "pat".

Ithiyori ye-chess iyinhlangano yonke yolwazi mayelana nemithetho nezici zalesi mdlalo. Unikeza ukuhlolwa kwesimo ngasinye nezincomo zokugqugquzela izibalo kumgomo. Ngaphandle kokufunda i-theory ye-chess, akunakwenzeka ukutadisha lo mdlalo futhi uphumelele kuyo.