Ngamafuphi ukuthi yi-Sparta efana nekamu lezempi

Elinye lamadolobha amakhulu kunawo onke aseGrisi lasendulo yi-Sparta. Okuwukuphela kokuthi, phakathi nezimpi zokuhlanganiswa kukaFilipi II nendodana yakhe u-Alexander the Great (ikhulu le-IV BC) akakaze anqotshwe. Izazi-mlando zachaza indlela iSparta yasendulo efana ngayo nekamu lezempi nokuthi kungani inkazimulo yamasosha edolobha yasinda emakhulwini eminyaka. Lokhu kwatshelwa ngefilimu elimangalisayo likaZach Snyder "300 Spartans".

Umlando omncane

Ensimini yeSouth Greece, izindawo eziningana ezihlala emfuleni u-Evrdt zihlangene, zizibiza ngokuthi iSparta. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bahlula bonke uLaconia, bese kuthi uManieni ovuthiwe, ebaphoqelela abantu basekhaya ukuba bazikhandle. Babashintsha baba yizigqila ezincane futhi babizwa ngokuthi yi-helots - "bathunjwa." Izakhamuzi zase-Athens zalahla izakhamuzi zedolobha ngoba zazigqilaza abantu beziGreki. I-Spartan ngayinye yayinebelo lomhlaba, kepha izitshalo zazihlala futhi zisebenze, zikhuphula iminqumo, okusanhlamvu, imifino kanye neminye imikhiqizo. Abakwazanga ukushiya izindawo zabo zokuhlala futhi banikeze ingxenye yokuvuna kubanikazi bezizabelo. Naphezu kokuthi i-helots yayiyingxenye enkulu yabantu, abantu basemadolobheni bakwazi ukuwagcina bengaphansi, bebangela umbuzo onengqondo: yini?

I-Sparta yayifana nekamu lezempi, lapho umsebenzi oyinhloko wabakhileyo bendawo kwakungumsebenzi wezempi, futhi inhlonipho eyinhloko - ukufa empini. Imithombo ithi emva kokulwa empini, abesifazane bokuqala bahamba. Babefuna abathandekayo babo, amadodana namadoda. Kwabaluleka kubo lapho isidumbu sempi sasibhekene nesimo. Ukube wayegxile esitheni kanye nokulimala kwafakazela ukuthi iSpartan yayilwa kuze kube sekugcineni, wathathwa futhi wahlonishwa ngokukhashelwa phansi. Futhi uma isimo sokulimala sibonisa ukuthi umpi udidekile, washiya ekulweni ukuze ammbele ethuneni elivamile. Okulandelayo, masihlale eminye imininingwane kulokho iSparta efana nekamu lezempi.

Yiziphi izinyathelo ezithathwa umoya wezempi

Konke kwaqala kusukela ekuzalweni. I-sparta yayidinga amasosha langempela, ngakho-ke isimiso esiyinhloko semfundo samemezelwa lokhu okulandelayo: zonke izingane azikho emndenini, kodwa kuhulumeni. Ubaba osanda kutholakala wayephoqelekile ukuba athathe umntwana osanda kuzalwa. UMkhandlu wawuhlanganisa nabahlali abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-60 ubudala, ukuya emihlanganweni ngaphambi kokufa kwabo. Banquma ukuthi ngabe umntwana unamandla ngokwanele ukuba abe umvikeli wangempela wezwe esikhathini esizayo. Uma isinqumo sabo siphumelele, indodana yabuyela kubazali. Uma kungenjalo, ingane yayilindele isiphetho esibi - yaphonswa kwalasha.

Lapho beneminyaka engu-7 ubudala, amadodana athathwe emndenini, ebenza bakhulise ukuthi babheka okudingekile. Laba bafana babehlala emasosha, ekhanda labo ababekhona abahlakaniphile kakhulu futhi abanesibindi kubo. Imiyalo yayimpoqo kuwo wonke umuntu, okwakubhekene nokujeziswa kuphela. AbaseSpartan abahlonishwayo babeqondisa izinqola, abadala abadala nabo babanakekela, bezama ukubangela izingxabano eziningi ngangokunokwenzeka. I-Sparta ifana kanjani nekamu lempi? Kodwa iqiniso lokuthi isibalo samadoda, kusukela ebuntwaneni, sasihlukanisiwe nomndeni, sichitha isikhathi ekuqeqeshweni nasekuphungeni njalo. Kwadingeka ukuphikisana ukuze kugcinwe ukuziphatha kwabafana, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi banesibindi ngokwanele futhi benenkani. Futhi ukunyuka kwabanyanzelisa ukuba bajwayele ukubhekana nokuphazamiseka okuza emkhakheni wokuphila. Abafana babegqoke isigamu-zezinyanga ezingu-12 ubudala, belele embotini wensimbi, bephuthuka njalo ekuqeqesheni ngokomzimba.

Uvivinyo endleleni eya esigabeni sempi

Ukuzijabulisa okunonya kunazo zonke okwakuvunyelwe kumaSpartan abasha, kubizwa ngokuthi "cryptia." Laba bafana bavunyelwe ukuhlasela amadolobhana ama-helots. Babesebenza ngokuphanga, izinkomo zokuhlatshwa futhi ngisho nokunciphisa izimpilo zabantu abaqine kakhulu. Lokhu kwakubhekwa njengendaba yodumo. Lapho beneminyaka engu-17 ubudala, le nsizwa yabuyela ekhaya, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba idlule ukuhlolwa, abaningi bafanele impilo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi bayaphila. Kwadingeka ukuba baye ethempelini lika-Arthemisi, elisemaphandleni. Njengoba benqobile indlela elula, badlulisela umkhosi "wokunikela".

Abapristi baxosha le nsizwa phezu kwesitsha esikhethekile bawashaya egazini. Imfuneko esemqoka kwakuwukubekezela nokukwazi ukukhuthazelela ubuhlungu ngaphandle komsindo owodwa. Uma u-Spartan osemncane ekhwaza, washaywa waze wafa. Lokhu akuyona inkomba yalokho u-Sparta afana nekamu lezempi. Iziphi izinyathelo okwakhiwa ngazo ukubunjwa kwezingane ezincane kakhulu zase-Ancient Greece? Uhlelo lwezemfundo, lapho izakhamuzi ezigcwele khona zingenakho ukukhetha ngaphandle kokuthi zibe. Noma yimuphi umsebenzi wabasebenzi wawudelelwe, ukuhweba nokuhweba kwakwenqatshelwe. I-Spartan yangempela kwakudingeka ibe yindoda.

Inkulumo ye-Laconic

Phakathi nokuqeqeshwa, le nsizwa yaphoqeleka ukuba iveze ngokucacile imicabango yabo. Babengadingeki ukuba bahlaziye futhi bazindle. Ngegama lesifundazwe lapho abaseSpartan bahlala khona, ngisho nkulumo ethi "inkulumo yamaLonon" yasungulwa. Lona omunye umfanekiso kuneSparta efana nekamu lezempi. Izakhamizi zazingavunyelwe ukuhamba emazweni angaphandle, zazingavakashelwa yizihambi, futhi azizange zihwebe. Ngakho-ke, umlando wekusho okuncane okuhlukile okukhulunywa ngawo abaseSpartans kuye kwagcinwa emlandweni. Inkosi yangaphandle yathumela isithunywa ukuba sisongele abantu. Wethembise ukuthi uma iNingizimu yeGrisi ingakunqoba, iSparta izomiswa njengesizwe. Yayitholaphi impendulo: "Uma!"

Edolobheni, kwakungeke kwakhiwe izindonga eziqinile, ukuzivikela okuyinhloko kwakuyisosha. Babehlale bekulungele. Amadoda ayenqatshelwe ukuba adle ekhaya. Bathatha ukudla ngamaqembu abantu abangu-10-15. Itafula labo lalilula, kodwa linomsoco: imifino, isobho esilula, ushizi kanye nenyama. Ukugcinwa kwalo mithetho kwalandelwa nguMkhandlu wabadala. Umenzi wobugebengu angahlawuliswa uma engumlawuli ngokwakhe.

Ngokufushane: kunokuba i-Sparta ifane nekamu lezempi

Ukufingqa, kufanele sigcizelele into esemqoka:

• Izakhamizi ezigcwele zaqeqeshwa kuphela empini. Amantombazane awadluli uhlelo lokuqeqeshwa, njengabafana, kodwa nawo afundiswa ukuthi angaphatha kanjani izikhali futhi afakwe ezemidlalo. Kwakungenakwenzeka ukushiya indlela ehlosiwe.
• Imfundo ayixhomekile ekuthandweni kwabazali. Umbuso unqume ukuthi yiziphi izakhamizi ezifuna ukuzibona. Wayedinga izikhali ezinamandla, ezikhaliphile ezingabonakali ngenjongo yokuphila. Lokhu kuthunyelwe kuyo yonke isimiso semfundo, lapho ingane ihoxisiwe khona emndenini.
• Kunokuba i-Sparta ifane nekamu lezempi, ngakho-ke lokhu kuyilungele njalo isenzo sezempi, ukuvivinya umzimba njalo nokuqeqeshwa kwamakhono ekulwa nokulwa. Abase-Athene babecabanga ukuthi omakhelwane bayazi, kodwa labo abahamba nomsindo bafunda izingoma zobuqhawe ababezilungiselela ukuya empini.

Ubuqhawe bezakhamuzi zaseSparta buhlalwe kubuciko. Kule filimu "ama-300 aseSpartan" amasosha ayeka ukuhlaselwa kwebutho elinamandla leNkosi yasePheresiya. Kuyinto nje inganekwane, kodwa ngubani owaziyo ...