Ngabodwa wokuzala - kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ukuvela kwezinhlobo

Nge inyumbazana zokuzala kwemiphakathi zenye iqala, iqhubeka semikhawulweni ukushisa namakhaza ngokugcwele, ukwakheka uhlobo olusha yimuphi umzimba eplanethini yethu. ngabodwa wokuzala - the alpha and omega of ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kokuphila Emhlabeni.

ngabodwa theory

Panmictic kakhulu ezimileni nasezilwaneni (labo ucansi ekukhiqizweni) nomqondo "buka" ihlanganisa iqoqo eziphilayo zifana ngezindlela eziningi, ehlala endaweni ethile futhi ikhono nokuzala ngokugcwele. Lokhu kusho hybridization khulula futhi ukubukeka inzalo evundile. ngabodwa wokuzala - kwezithibelo nhlobo noma ngokwengxenye ku owela khulula. Vele ngaphansi inyumbazane exhunywe inqubo zizalela, baqonde futhi udlale inzalo oyinyumba hybrid.

Ukwahlukanisa ukwahlukanisa eziphilayo

Namuhla, ososayensi ahlukahlukene - izazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukunikela izinhlobo ezahlukene ngezigaba izinhlelo, amafomu kanye nezindlela engayodwa begazi. Kukhona izinhlelo, ukuthatha njengesisekelo isikhathi factor, noma ukuphelela is akuvelanga ukweqa. Ake sithathe njengesisekelo isimiso ezivame kakhulu systematization lolwazi mayelana ngabodwa ezihlinzekwa Isazi sezinto eziphilayo esidumile - FG wokuziphendukela kwemvelo Dobzhansky (1900-1975).

Zonke izinhlobo ukwahlukanisa iyehluka ngokwezwe indlela nesenzakalo:

• ngabodwa kwendawo imiphakathi;
• kwemvelo;
• langempela begazi.

Ake sihlole kabanzi ngesimo ngabodwa zokuzala.

komkhawulo ezindawo

Geographic ngabodwa zokuzala - ke kukhawulela owela khulula eziphilayo kubangelwa izinguquko ubunjalo Geological (ukubukeka entabeni izithiyo, izinguquko emibhedeni umfula) noma Izindawo ezingaphezu kuka izindawo ezinkulu. Kulokhu synthesis iqembu eziphilayo, wesifunda, bayasithola ukushintshisana izakhi zofuzo ngaphakathi iqembu elingalodwa. Isibonelo sasendulo esaziwa kakhulu - izintaka zikaDarwin, kwezinhlobo ezahlukene okuyizinto sici Isiqhingi ngasinye. Kuyinto lezi zinyoni utshelwa uCharles Darwin ukubhala umsebenzi wakhe "The Origin of Species Ngokuhlakanipha of Natural Selection".

Izinto zokuvala umoya imvelo nemibandela olwenzeka endaweni

Lokho yizici zemvelo ezibangela ngabodwa emvelweni zokuzala kwenani zohlobo olulodwa, ekhona endaweni efanayo. izici ezinjalo zingase mismatching esiphelweni isikhathi noma okuphakelayo izici ngabanye. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi leli fomu akuyona ngabodwa zokuzala. Lo mngcele ngokwengxenye aliholeli ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento cross-zizalela. Nakuba, imibono izazi, izibonelo ezikhona emvelweni. izimpilo amathathu ogwini ye-Arctic zinhlobo uphawu. Konke kuye kwaba khona kuvela ukhokho ofanayo phylogenetic. Kodwa Ross lwezimpawu zidla cephalopods, ulwandle izingwe - abazingeli nesihluku penguins nezinye izimvu zamanzi, unamathelise Witt kuphela esidla izinhlanzi. Futhi engayigcini hybridize nomunye, nakuba kufana kakhulu ngokubukeka.

ngabodwa Empeleni zokuzala

Empeleni ngabodwa zokuzala - kuba ifomu okuyinto exhumene ngokuqondile izici inqubo zokuzala. Khona-ke ukwaba dokopulyatsionny poslekopulyatsionny netindlela sinqande ukudlala hlobo zabo.

Ezinye izazi ziye zathi ngokuthi zonke izinhlobo ukwahlukanisa yemvelo noma izindlela wokuzala kanye nokuya zihlanganisa ezindawo emvelweni ngabodwa iqembu dokopulyativnoy ngabodwa zokuzala.

Dokopulyatsionnnye izindlela

Lokhu izindlela ngabodwa elihlobene ne-nakwenzeka kokuzalela. Kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu:

1. Etologichekaya elihlobene ne izici nokuziphatha kobulili, ukuzehlukanisa zokuzala. Izibonelo: elalenziwa kokuzalela ukuziphatha izinyoni, ezahlukene nkomba ibhanyabhanyaza Rhythmic ngokhanyikhanyi ngokwesimo nesimo umshado imisindo amaxoxo, umehluko ama-pheromone (ikhemikhali wezokuxhumana) yamakati amakhulu.
2. ngabodwa Mechanical ngenxa umehluko isakhiwo kwezitho zokuzala. Ngokwesibonelo, umehluko isakhiwo imbali orchid kuholele kungenzeka impova nefomu ethize hummingbird. Kunjalo zezinhlobo ezahlukene Sage ajwayelekile. Izilwane ezingavamile. Ngokwesibonelo, e Drosophila ngokumitha kwemihlambi ngaphakamisa zinhlobo ezahlukene kuholela ekulimaleni ngokomzimba noma kuholele ekufeni umngane.
3. Ayikho amaseli ukuphazamiseka lwegciwane (gametes) ngokuthi ukwahlukanisa germline. Yathandwa Ucwaningo e laboratories zoo. Kulokhu, kokuzalela senzeka, kodwa hhayi avundiswa zygote.

izinhlobo Poslekopulyativnoy engayodwa zokuzala

Umqondo eduze dokopulyativnoy zokugcina kusho ukuzehlukanisa, owawubumba kulesi simo i-embryo ibizwa. Nokho, wayesho noma Kushone kusaqalwa ontogeny, noma efa ngaphambi ukuthomba, noma abantu hybrid azinamagciwane. Mshini sokufa futhi inzalo hybrid eziyinkimbinkimbi elihlobene ne isakhi sofuzo, chromosome noma izici cytological. Izibonelo zezinhlobo ezahlukene nzalo zaziwa. nzalo ngeke iphumelele kuhlobene eduze, njengoba okuhlukile, ingase ikwazi ukuveza. Kodwa-ke kukhona ngumkhuba biology ukonakala amafomu hybrid - ngamunye isizukulwane ezilandelanayo nzalo ziba buthakathaka nokuziphatha kancane kancane lukhumuzeka.

Ukubaluleka begazi ngabodwa zokuzala

Akuzona zonke izinhlobo kwemihlambi imiphakathi kungaholela ekwakhekeni kwezinhlobo ezintsha. Kodwa isinyathelo sokuqala speciation njalo iba ngabodwa esinqunyiwe noma ephelele imiphakathi noma amaqembu eziphilayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lapho isakhi sofuzo exchange impahla yeqembu avaliwe ahlukene aqoqana umehluko zofuzo bezinye zalolu hlobo, ukuzehlukanisa zokuzala iba elibaluleke kakhulu futhi ephelele. Nge ekuqongeleleni inombolo ezanele umehluko genomes ithi akha izinhlobo ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo. Ngo biology, akunjalo elula, ngesinye isikhathi kunzima ngempela ukuhlukanisa iqembu eziphilayo ezitholakala ukubukeka okusha. Noma kunjalo, zonke catch ekujuleni kolwandle trawling kuletha baye abameleli ucwaningo ocean ayikaziwa ukuba systematics yesimanje.