Umlando omfishane kwabantu kusukela endulo kuze kube namuhla

Umlando kwabantu - isayensi yokuhlalisana kwabantu njengoba igatsha ulwazi, inqubo yentuthuko yayo kanye kumiswa. Endleleni yentuthuko kwabantu uye washintsha ngempela okukhulu isihloko ucwaningo, kanye nezindlela. Uma sikhuluma ngendaba ezifana umlando kwabantu, kubalulekile ukuba ulwahlukanise izinkathi ezimbili: i-pre-yesayensi nesayensi (yesimanje).

Umlando kwabantu - inkathi yangaphambi yesayensi

isikhathi Antique. Wezinkinga zomphakathi endulo, ilimala bekwi-zefilosofi. Izithelo zemicabango yabo, bona-ke bazakuba ngesimo zokupheka "umphakathi enhle", isithombe we ndoda ekahle. Endabeni sokunquma ubunjalo umphakathi zefilosofi eyinhloko isikhathi nazo. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Aristotle wayekholelwa umphakathi umphumela yemvelo futhi zemvelo lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu, futhi uPlato, kunalokho - i kumiswa yokufakelwa.

Ephakathi. Umqondo oyinhloko ngesikhathi kukholakala ukuthi umuntu wase mhlabeni - uhlelo, wahlela ngokuvumelana ngokongamela kaNkulunkulu. Ngokusho lo mbono, izwe ingenye, wonke amadoda - abafowethu, nabo bonke abanesono ngokulinganayo. Ngoba ngalesisikhathi kwemizwa libhekene nesono yokuqala kwaba yilowo nalowo, kanye nokungakwazi yakhe ukuzithiba ukulungisa ngaphandle intando kaNkulunkulu.

Renaissance. Lena isikhathi ukutholakala, hhayi kuphela e-geography kodwa futhi imithetho umphakathi wesintu. Emakhulwini eminyaka 14-16, kukhona ongqondongqondo lokuqala nakancane (utopia - lo mbono aluhambelani izimo empilweni yangempela), i-British uThomas More esiyiNgisi uFrancis Bacon, ndoda yaseSpain T. Campanella nabanye. Ngo izindaba zakhe, utopias bona ngesineke prototypes of a "ikusasa eliqhakazile" ngoba bonke abantu.

isikhathi okusha. isikhathi Nokunqoba inqubekela-phambili yesayensi ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha kanye nokukhula komnotho labantu kuye kwaholela ukuvela eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma entsha. Ngakho, ummeleli Ukukhanyiselwa Hobbes ekhulwini le-17 yasungulwa umqondo "inkontileka social" ukuthi ithethelele nemibandela semthethweni amandla okokuqala wabiza amakhosi ohlanga elinganiselwe. Locke ezihlongozwayo imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukulingana bonke abantu emhlabeni, kamuva elaba isisekelo Declaration yesimanje of Human Rights.

Umlando kwabantu - kusukela imiqondo lokuqala zesayensi izinsuku zethu

1842 - unyaka kokudaliweyo nefilosofi positivist. Umbhali lo mbono Comté futhi kubhekwe ukuba omunye ososayensi lokuqala kwezenhlalo, njengoba kuba ngomunye wabokuqala ukuchaza isisekelo kwesayensi. Ngakho, wasikisela ukusebenzisa lwezenhlalo ucwaningo izindlela observation, Luhlatiyo futhi ukuhlolwa, kunqunywa into futhi injongo yesifundo. Waqale wafingqa ulwazi ngaphambilini eqoqwe, kwakheka isisekelo ngokwesayensi yokuhlalisana kwabantu isayensi. Omunye zezenhlalo evelele kunazo zonke futhi ngokuthi Herbert Spencer, ukuchaza ngokuningiliziwe umbono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo emphakathini njengoba luyingxenye yemvelo. Omunye amagatsha yezimfundiso zakhe waba kaDarwin kwezenhlalo, okuyinto kamuva yaba esikoleni zobuhlanga-anthropological nokuvukela yezenhlalakahle Sumner, owawuthi ekukhuleni komphakathi, kungokwemvelo futhi iyingxenye Yiqiniso umthetho-kubuswa yentuthuko lawo izinhlobo zabantu ezahlukaniselwa.

Phakathi nekhulu le-19, ithiyori kaMarx ekilasini emzabalazweni nokungalingani lakhiwe, imfundiso yokuziphendukela zokwakheka izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho, owawuthi ukuphikisana main emphakathini kuyinto yangasese, ukubhujiswa okuyinto eyayiyoholela ukunyamalala amakilasi. A Weber ngesikhathi esifanayo kudala kakhulu inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela kwabantu Interpretive.

L. Gumplowicz ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 abeke phambili umqondo wokuthi into cwaningo kwabantu ukutadisha amaqembu omphakathi kanye nokusebenzisana yabo. Ngokwemisebenzi yakhe, ngamunye iqembu komphakathi kuphazanyiswa enye ilungelo ukuze sisinde ukumuncwa izinsiza ikakhulukazi wabelane. Ukuqala leminyaka elidlule kwaphawulwa imfundiso yokuziphendukela izigwili Pareto.

Ekhulwini lama-20 imiqondo emisha eminingi zenzelwe (behaviorism, interactionism ongokomfanekiso, kwabantu phenomenological, imfundiso yokuziphendukela zamagama ebalulekile) nezikole yesayensi, ezidumile ikakhulukazi kwakungabafundi Chikagkaya, Colombian futhi Frankfurt.

Umlando kwabantu Russian ngezindlela eziningi elifana European. Izikhwama babekwa zangaphambi wamavukelambuso Russia, sibonga imibono Slavophiles kanye baseNtshonalanga. Ngemva kwalokho, ngemva 1917 kwabantu isiRashiya kwakuwulimi ngaphansi esiqinile ngemibono kweso athuthukile kakhulu kuhambisana kwabantu kaMarx. Kuphela ekuseni 90-yalolucwaningo kwesayensi Russian lwezenhlalo uqalile ukujabulela izithelo ongqondongqondo Western nososayensi kuya ngokugcwele.

Namuhla, umlando kwabantu kuyaqhubeka kukhula nge imiqondo emisha nemibono.