Ezingavamile emhlabeni izinsimbi

HLABA ezingavamile - iqembu elincane lamaseli, okuyinto has a ingqikithi abameleli 17. Bonke izinto ezazikulo umbala silvery-mhlophe.

Ezingavamile izakhi emhlabeni futhi umlando ukutholakala kwawo

Leli qembu izinto esanda kuphela ivulekile. Amasampula abangu eyaqala ukutholwa ngawo-1794. Nakuba usokhemisi Finnish uJohan Gadolin wafunda amasampula ore eduze endaweni ebizwa Ytterby. Lapha wathola ongaziwa "umhlaba uketshezi", ngaleso sikhathi yaqanjwa indawo - yttrium. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, futhi amasampula wahlola Martin Klaport, okuyinto usunike nemiyo ezengeziwe, zibizwe iplanethi Ceres cerium.

Futhi ngo-1907 kakade 14 izici eziningana ezinjengolwazi etholakele.

Igama kakhulu efanayo "HLABA ezingavamile" olwaqala ngo kwekhulu le-18. Lapha, indima eyadlalwa yokuthi zonke izici amaqembu akha oxides refractory ukuthi cishe zingaxazululeki emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi wesikhathi ngephutha ayekholelwa ukuthi lezi insimbi kukhona ezingavamile ungqimba lomhlaba.

Ezingavamile emhlabeni izinsimbi: abamele iqembu

Njengoba sekushiwo, leli qembu siqukethe 17 izakhi zamakhemikhali. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• Lanthanum.
• Cerium (ogama lakhe behlonipha Ceres, iplanethi).
• Neodymium.
• Pradeozim.
• Samarium.
• Inkinobho yegundane esebenza njalo.
• Gadolinium.
• Europe.
• Terbium.
• Holmium.
• Dysprosium.
• Erbium.
• Ytterbium.
• Lutetium.
• Thulium.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, yangaphandle amazinga electron -atom amancanyana basuke kucishe. Lokhu kuchaza zamakhemikhali Izakhiwo zanoma izinsimbi.

I ezingavamile emhlabeni izinsimbi kanye namakhemikhali yabo izakhiwo

Abamele leli qembu babe reactivity kuqhathaniswa eliphezulu, okuyinto okusezingeni eliphezulu ikakhulukazi uma ukufuthelana. Ngokwesibonelo, i-lokushisa ephakeme izinsimbi ezithile ayakwazi ukusabela nge hydrogenous.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokubeka amalahle lezi zinto basabela umoya-mpilo, ukwakha, oxides amanzi-zingaxazululeki esitebeleni. Phela, izinsimbi umlilo umoya-mpilo asemkhathini siyenzeka ukuvela ukushisa okukhulu. Kungenxa yalesi iqembu libhekene pyrophoricity - impahla ukucwazimula emoyeni.

Ezingavamile emhlabeni izinsimbi zingase futhi yakha hydroxides okuyizinto kahle oncibilikayo emanzini futhi abanye babe izakhiwo amphoteric.

Cishe wonke amalungu aleli qembu libhekene nesimo namachibi of +3. izakhi Active kuyahlukahluka. It kubhekwa lanthanum ezimatasa.

Isizinda of ezingavamile emhlabeni izinsimbi

Ezimweni eziningi, HLABA ezingavamile zenzeka ndawonye. Omunye idwala isampula iqukethe amalungu amaningana iqembu. Kuze kube manje, bangaphezu kuka-250 amaminerali, okuyizinto ingxenye ezingavamile emhlabeni izakhi. Amaminerali ezinkulu zihlanganisa monazite, Parisi Księte, orthite.

Ingqikithi ezivamile e ungqimba lomhlaba kubhekwa cerium. Kodwa thulium futhi lutetium ngokwemvelo liqukethe indaba encane kakhulu okungenani.

Ngo-2008, izwe sasithathwa amathani angaba yizinkulungwane 124 ezingavamile emhlabeni izinsimbi. Abaholi kule ukukhiqizwa kubhekwa emazweni anjenge-India, China ne-Brazil.

Enye indawo imali enkulukazi ezingavamile emhlabeni izinsimbi Kwatholakala 2011. Lezi zindawo zitholakala phansi elwandle eliKhulu iPacific, eduze Hawaii, French Polynesia futhi eTahiti.

I ezingavamile emhlabeni izinsimbi kanye nokusetshenziswa yabo

Lezi zici asetshenziswa imikhakha okuhluke kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, basuke kabanzi umkhakha ingilazi. Okokuqala, ukwandisa Translations ngengilazi. Okwesibili, lezi zinsimbi asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza injongo ekhethekile ingilazi - ingilazi iyavuleka ultraviolet ray noma infrared transmissive ikhambi. Ngosizo ezingavamile emhlabeni izinto ukukhiqiza ingilazi ukushisa ukumelana.

Ngo ukucwebisa lezi zinto ukwenza njenge yelikhono. Babuye obusetshenziswa embonini chemical ukwenziwa izinga okusezingeni opende, varnishes futhi eba nezakhi zombala ezenza.