Philosophy of positivism: umqondo, amafomu, izici

I-Positivism ngefilosofi ingenye yeziqondiso zomcabango. Wazalelwa eminyakeni engama-30-40. Ngaphambi kwekhulu lokugcina, umsunguli wayo ngu-Auguste Comte. Lesi siqondiso sithandwa kakhulu futhi sisakazeke esikhathini sanamuhla. Ngezansi, sibheka amafomu akhe amakhulu.

Ifilosofi ye-positivism

Abamele abakhulu: Comte, Spencer, Mill, nabanye.

Njengoba u-Comte ayekholelwa, ukungezwani phakathi kwama-idealists kanye nokuziphatheka ngokweqile akusho lutho, ngoba akunazizathu ezingathí sina. Futhi ifilosofi iyadingeka, eshiye kokubili, nakwezinye, ukuba isekelwe kolwazi lwesayensi (positive) kuphela.

Lesi sitatimende sisho ukuthi:

1. Ulwazi kufanele luthembeke ngokuphelele futhi lunembile.

2. Ukuze kuzuzwe ulwazi lwefilosofi, kufanele kusetshenziswe indlela yokwaziswa ngokwesayensi , indlela eyinhloko yokuthola ukuthi yikuphi ukubonwa kwemibono.

3. Ifilosofi kufanele iphenye amaqiniso kuphela, hhayi izimbangela zayo, futhi ingalweli ukuba isayensi-super, "indlovukazi yesayensi," umbono jikelele jikelele.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Comte ubeka umthetho ngokubumbana kokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Wakhetha izigaba ezintathu zokuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe ( umphakathi wendabuko, wangaphambi kwezezimboni kanye nezimboni), ohambelana nezinyathelo ezintathu zokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo ( umbono wezenkolo noma wezenkolo, wezakhiwo kanye nesayensi). Kodwa-ke, kuphela izisekelo ze-positivism ezabekwe ngu-Comte, okwakusungulwa ngcono, okungeziwe, futhi kuze kube yilolu suku baqhubeke beqala ukubonga kwezinye izazi zefilosofi.

Philosophy of positivism: empirio-ukugxekwa

Abamele ukhiye: Mach, Avenarius.

Lapha umsebenzi oyinhloko wefilosofi wawungewona ukwakhiwa kwenqubo yonke yokuqwashisa, kodwa ukudala ulwazi lwezesayensi kule mbono. Ngokungafani no-Comte, abamele lesi sigaba bakholelwa ukuthi kwakudingeka ukuthi bangabheki ngokudala isithombe esisodwa sezwe lethu, kodwa ngokusungulwa kwemigomo nokuhlelwa kwezimo ezingqondweni zabacwaningi.

Igama elithi "empiocriticism" lisho ukugxeka okuhlangenwe nakho njengokwakheka kwezwe ekucabangeni ngesimo sezitatimende nezitatimende. Lo mkhakha we-positivism uhlobene eduze ne-conservatism, ngokusho ukuthi yiziphi izinhlinzeko zesayensi jikelele eziwumkhiqizo onemibandela yesivumelwano.

Ifilosofi ye-positivism: i-neopositivism

Abamele abakhulu: Carnap, Bertrand, Schlick, Russell.

Elinye igama laleli sigaba liyi-positivism enengqondo. Abasunguli bayo bamemezele umgomo wabo wokulwa nomhlaba wezwe. Okudingekayo kokuqala kolwazi lwangempela, babone emaqinisweni nasezenzweni, okungukuthi, "idatha yezinzwa." Umqondo wokuthi "umgomo" wawushintshwa umqondo othi "ososayensi" ofanayo. Yilesi sigaba ekuthuthukiseni isimo se-positivism esabeka isisekelo se-logic esifunda izitatimende eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingaba zingamanga, noma ziyiqiniso noma zingenasisekelo.

Isihloko sokuhlaziywa kwezingcikitsi zaba yizibonakaliso zezibonakaliso namagama ngokujwayelekile, okungukuthi, izinkinga zezilimi, ezinengqondo, nezingokwengqondo ezazinenani elibalulekile lezesayensi ngesikhathi sokudala amadivaysi e-computing.

Ifilosofi ye-positivism: i-postpositivism

Abameli abakhulu: Lakatosh, Kuhn, Popper, Feuerbend.

Nge-postpositivism kuqondwa isethi yemiqondo evele ngemva kwezimfundiso zikaComte, empiocriticism kanye neopositivism. Ukunakwa okukhethekile kwakhokhwa endleleni yokuqondisisa yabameli beli qembu.

Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kukaPopper, ukwanda kolwazi kungafinyelelwa kuphela ekucubungulweni kwengxoxo okunengqondo njengokugxeka okungahleliwe kokubuka kwezwe okwamanje. Wabuye wathi abaososayensi benza izinto ezitholwa, hhayi ngeqiniso kuya enkambisweni, kodwa kusukela enkulumweni kuya kokusho okulodwa.

I-Positivism njengendlela yokuziphatha yefilosofi yaba nomthelela omkhulu endleleni yokwenza isayensi yezenhlalakahle nezemvelo (ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu ngaphambi kokugcina).