Imvelo yezinkinga zefilosofi. Okucacile nesakhiwo solwazi lwefilosofi

Ifilosofi ifuna ukuveza ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezisemqoka yazo ngaphandle komthunzi wezimanga. Kuyasiza umuntu athole izimpendulo zalezo mibuzo ezibaluleke kakhulu kuye. Uhlobo lwezinkinga zefilosofi luqala ngokufuna incazelo yemvelaphi yokuphila. Ngokomlando, izinhlobo zokuqala zombukiso wezwe ziyinganekwane nenkolo. Indlela ephakeme kunazo zonke yokubona kwezwe ifilosofi. Umsebenzi wokomoya uveza ukubunjwa nokuhlaziywa kwemibono engunaphakade, kusiza umuntu ukuthola indawo yakhe emhlabeni, ukhuluma ngokufa noNkulunkulu, mayelana nezisusa zezenzo nemicabango.

Isihloko sefilosofi

I-terminology ichaza ifilosofi ngokuthi "uthando lokuhlakanipha." Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi noma yimuphi umuntu angaba isazi sefilosofi. Isimo esibalulekile ulwazi, oludinga izinga eliphezulu lokuthuthukiswa kwengqondo. Abantu abalula bangaba izazi zefilosofi kuphela ezingeni eliphansi kunazo zonke zokuphila kwazo. UPlato wayekholelwa ukuthi umcabangi wangempela akakwazi ukuba, angazalwa kuphela. Isihloko sefilosofi yilwazi lokuthi kukhona khona umhlaba kanye nokuqonda kwayo ukuze uthole ulwazi olusha. Umgomo oyinhloko ukuqonda kwezwe. Ukucacisa kanye nokwakhiwa kolwazi lwefilosofi kunquma izikhathi ezibalulekile ezifundiswayo:

• Izinkinga ezingunaphakade zefilosofi. Kucatshangwa kumqondo jikelele wendawo. Ukunikezwa kwezwe elihle futhi elihle.
• Ukuhlaziywa kwezinkinga. Imibuzo mayelana nenkolelo yekhono yokuqashelwa kwezwe ibhekwa. Sesha ulwazi lweqiniso oluqinile ezweni elishintshayo.
• Ukufunda ngezindaba zokuba khona komphakathi. Ifilosofi yezenhlalo igcizelelwe esigabeni esithile semfundiso yefilosofi. Imizamo yokuthola indawo yomuntu ezingeni lomqondo wezwe.
• Umsebenzi womoya noma umuntu? Ubani olawula umhlaba? Isihloko sefilosofi ukutadisha ulwazi olubalulekile oluwusizo ekuthuthukiseni ukuhlakanipha kwabantu nokukhulisa ngokuphila komhlaba.

Imisebenzi yefilosofi

Okushiwo kanye nesakhiwo solwazi lwefilosofi ngeke sikwazi ukudalulwa ngokugcwele ngaphandle kokucacisa imisebenzi yemfundiso. Zonke lezi zinto zihlobene futhi azikwazi ukuhlala ngokwahlukana:

• Umbono wezwe . Ikhomba ukuthi uzama ukuchaza izwe elingabonakali ngosizo lolwazi lwamaqiniso. Inikeza ithuba lokuza embonweni we "iqiniso eliyiqiniso".
• Indlela yokusebenza . Ifilosofi isebenzisa inhlanganisela yezindlela ezahlukene zokufunda ngokugcwele umbuzo wokuba khona.
• Ukubikezela . Ukugcizelelwa okuyinhloko kulwazi olukhona lwesayensi. Ukwakheka kuqondiswa yizindinganiso mayelana nemvelaphi yezwe futhi kuthatha intuthuko yabo emvelweni.
• Umlando . Izikole zokucabanga kwezemfundiso nokufundisa okuhlakaniphile zigcina ukuguqulwa kokuqhubeka kwamaphuzu amasha kusuka kubacwaningi abaholayo.
• Okubalulekile . Isimiso esiyisisekelo sisetshenziselwa ukuvezwa konke okungabaza. Unenani elihle ekuthuthukisweni komlando, ngoba kusiza ukuthola ukungalungi kanye namaphutha ngesikhathi.
• Axiological . Lo msebenzi unquma ukuthi wonke umhlaba ukhona kusukela ekubukeni kwezinhlelo ezibekiwe zamanani ahlukahlukene (ideological, social, moral and others). Ukubonakaliswa okucacile kunazo zonke kokusebenza kwe-axiological kutholakala ngezikhathi zenkinga yomlando, inkinga noma impi. Izikhathi zesikhashana zenza kube lula ukukhomba amanani abaluleke kunazo zonke kusuka ezikhona. Imvelo yezinkinga zefilosofi ibheka ukulondolozwa kwesisekelo njengesisekelo sokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo.
• Social . Lo msebenzi wenzelwe ukuhlanganisa amalungu omphakathi ngokusho kwezici ezithile emaqenjini nasezingxenyeni ezingaphansi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhloso ezihlangene kusiza ukuhumusha empeleni izifiso zomhlaba jikelele. Imicabango efanele ingashintsha inkambo yomlando kunoma iyiphi indlela.

Izinkinga zefilosofi

Noma yiluphi uhlobo lokubuka umhlaba kuqala okokuqala lubheka umhlaba njengento. Isisekelo ukutadisha isimo sombuso, ukulinganiselwa, umsuka. Ifilosofi yomunye wabokuqala waqala ukuba nesithakazelo ezindabeni zomuntu. Ezinye izazi nezombono azikho ngisho nangomqondo wemfundiso. Noma imuphi umdwebo wezwe udinga noma yiziphi izikhalazo, abacabangi bokuqala abazenzayo ngesisekelo sobuzwa bomuntu siqu kanye nokubona kwemvelo. Ukuhlaziywa kwefilosofi ekuhlaliseni komuntu kanye nemvelo kusiza ukuqaphela incazelo ejwayelekile yendawo yonke ekuqondeni kwentuthuko. Ngisho nesayensi yemvelo ayikwazi ukunikeza izimpendulo kulo mbono womhlaba wefilosofi. Imvelo yezinkinga zangunaphakade ifanele namuhla njengoba kwakuneminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezintathu edlule.

Ukwakhiwa kolwazi lwefilosofi

Intuthuko eqhubekayo yefilosofi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iye yaba nzima ukwakhiwa kolwazi. Kancane kancane, kwavela izingxenye ezintsha ezaba izimpande ezizimele nehlelo labo. Njengoba isisekelo semfundiso yefilosofi eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-2500 sidlulile, ngakho-ke kukhona amaphuzu amaningi engeziwe esakhiweni. Imibono emisha ivela kuze kube yilolu suku. Imvelo yezinkinga zefilosofi nombuzo oyinhloko wefilosofi kanje:

• I-Ontology . Ufunda izimiso zomyalelo wezwe kusukela ekuqaleni.
• I-Epistemology . Ubheka inkolelo yolwazi nezici zezinkinga zefilosofi.
• I-Anthropology . Uhlola umuntu njengomuntu ohlala emhlabeni kanye nelungu lomhlaba.
• Ukuziphatha . Ithinta isifundo esijulile sokuziphatha nokuziphatha.
• I-Aesthetics . Usebenzisa ukucabanga okubuciko njengendlela yokuguqulwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezwe.
• I-Axiology . Ngokuningiliziwe, ubheka imihlahlandlela yokubaluleka.
• I-Logic . Imfundiso yenqubo yokucabanga njengenjini yentuthuko.
• Ifilosofi yomphakathi. Ukuthuthukiswa kwemlando yomphakathi njengeyunithi yokwakha nemithetho yayo kanye nezinhlobo zokubheka.

Ngingayithola kuphi izimpendulo zemibuzo evamile?

Imvelo yezinkinga zefilosofi ifuna izimpendulo zemibuzo ejwayelekile. Isigaba esithi "I-Ontology" sisebenzisa ngokugcwele inkinga, ezama ukuthola incazelo yesigaba esibaluleke kakhulu sokutadisha - umqondo wokuba "ube". Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke leli gama lisetshenzisiwe kakhulu, ngokuvamile libizwa ngokuthi igama elithi "ubukhona". Imvelo yezinkinga zefilosofi ihlanganisa ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi umhlaba ukhona, yindawo yokuhlala yabantu kanye nazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Futhi, izwe linombuso ozinzile kanye nesakhiwo esingaguquki, indlela yokuphila ehleliwe, izimiso ezisekelwe.

Imibuzo engapheli yokuphila

Ngokusekelwe kolwazi lwefilosofi, izikhathi ezilandelayo zokubuza imibuzo zikhula:

1. Izwe lihlale likhona?
2. Ingabe akupheli?
3. Iplanethi izohlala ikhona futhi akukho okuyokwenzeka kuyo?
4. Ngenxa yimuphi amandla abantu abasha emhlabeni abonakala futhi bakhona?
5. Ingabe ikhona imihlaba eminingi noma ihlukile?

Umbono wolwazi

Yisiphi isigaba sefilosofi esiphathelene nezindaba zokwazi? Kukhona isiyalo esikhethekile, esinesibopho solwazi lomuntu ngezwe, - i-gnoseology. Ngenxa yalolu mbono, umuntu angakwazi ukutadisha umhlaba ngokuzimela futhi enze imizamo yokuzithola esakhiweni sezwe. Ulwazi olutholakali lufundwa ngokuhambisana neminye imibono yezinkolelo. Ngemva kokufunda ukuthi yisiphi isazi sefilosofi esiphathelene nezindaba zokwaziswa, kungenzeka ukudweba iziphetho ezifanele: i-gnoseology ihlola izinyathelo zokunyuka ekungazini okuphelele kolwazi oluyingxenye. Yizinkinga zalesi sigaba semfundiso ebaluleke kakhulu kwifilosofi njengonke.

Izindlela zefilosofi

Njengezinye izazi zesayensi, ifilosofi ithatha izimpande ezenzweni ezisebenzayo zesintu. Indlela yefilosofi iyisistimu yezinkambiso zokuqonda nokuqonda iqiniso:

1. Ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo kanye nemicabango. Imibono emibili ephikisanayo. Ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo kukholelwa ukuthi konke okuvela emthonjeni othize, ukucabanga - konke kungumoya.
2. I-Dialectics ne-metaphysics. I-Dialectics inquma izimiso, amaphethini kanye nezici zokuqaphela. I-Metaphysics ibheka lesi simo kuphela ukusuka kolunye uhlangothi.
3. Sensualism. Ngokuba isisekelo solwazi, imizwa kanye nokuzwela kuthathwa. Futhi indima ephelele inikezwa kule nqubo.
4. Ukulinganisa . Ucabanga ingqondo njengethuluzi lokufunda izinto ezintsha.
5. Ukungahleleki . Isenzo sezenzo, esiphika isimo sengqondo ngenqubo yokuqaphela.

Ifilosofi ihlanganisa zonke izindlela kanye namadoda ahlakaniphile abesebenzisa izimvo zabo. Yenza njengendlela eyodwa evamile esiza ekuqondeni kwezwe.

Okucacile kolwazi lwefilosofi

Imvelo yezinkinga zefilosofi inezincazelo ezimbili. Izici zolwazi zinamanani ahlukahlukene:

• Ifilosofi inokufana kakhulu nolwazi lwesayensi, kodwa akusiyo isayensi ehlanzekile. Usebenzisa izithelo ososayensi ukufeza imigomo yabo - ukuqonda umhlaba.
• Awukwazi ukubiza ifilosofi imfundiso ewusizo. Ulwazi lwakhiwe ngolwazi jikelele lwemfundiso engenalo imingcele ecacile.
• Ihlanganisa yonke isayensi, ifuna izici ezibalulekile ukuthola umphumela oyifunayo.
• Isekelwe emibhalweni eyisisekelo eyisisekelo esuselwa ekuhlanganiseni okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu kulo lonke ukuphila.
• Ifilosofi ayikwazi ukuhlolwa ngokugcwele ngokuqondile, ngoba inkolelo ngayinye entsha iveza imibono yesazi sefilosofi ethile kanye nezimfanelo zakhe ezidala okwamanje. Futhi emibhalweni yabahlakaniphileyo kubonakala isigaba somlando lapho kwakhiwa khona lo mbono. Kungenzeka ukulandelela intuthuko yeminyaka ngokusebenzisa izimfundiso zezazi zefilosofi.
• Ulwazi lungenza njengengcweti, enembile noma enokholo.
• Imicabango ngayinye elandelayo iyisiqinisekiso sezimfundiso zabacwaningi basendulo.
• Ifilosofi ayinakuphela futhi ihlala phakade.

Ukuqaphela ukuba njengenkinga

Ukusho konke okusezweni. Ukuba khona kukaJesu kunqunywa umbuzo: "Ingabe kunjalo?" Ukungaveli khona nakho kukhona, ngaphandle kwalokho izwe lonke lizoma futhi lingakaze lihambe. Konke kuvela ekungabikho khona futhi kuya lapho, ngokusekelwe ekubukeni kwezwe. Imvelo yezinkinga zefilosofi inquma ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani. Ezweni, konke kuguquka nokugeleza, ngakho awukwazi ukuphika ukuthi kukhona khona umqondo othize, lapho konke kuvela khona nokuthi yonke into iyanyamalala.