U-Feminism yifilosofi noma ezombangazwe?

Kukhona umlando weBhayibheli ngokusho kukaNkulunkulu owadala owesifazane emgqeni ka-Adamu. Futhi nakuba abaningi bakhohlwa ukuthi kwakukhona ukhokho kaLilith, emasikweni abantu abaningi "ubulili obubuthakathaka" buhlala bendaweni yesibili. Ubunqunu yizwi elisuka kuLatin femina (owesifazane). Lisho inhlangano yezenhlalo nezombusazwe, inhloso yayo ukulwa namalungelo alinganayo abamele isigamu esihle somuntu.

Izazi zezenhlalo, izazi-mlando, izazi zefilosofi, izazi zengqondo namanje azikho Umbono ohlangene nombono owodwa kule nkinga. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ubufazi buhlobo lobuvuko besifazane. Abanye bathi inkinga yokungalingani ngokobulili ihlelwe futhi igxile. Ukuhamba kwesifazane kuvela esikhathini se-Great French Revolution, kunoma yikuphi, ngakho kuchaza inguqulo esemthethweni. Ngo-1791, isimemezelo samaLungelo wabesifazane kanye nezakhamuzi sashicilelwa, lapho kugcizelelwa khona isidingo sokubhekana nezici zenhlalo nezomthetho ngokungalingani ngokobulili. Eminye imithombo ithi ubukazi abukwenziwanga ngezikhathi zanamuhla, ukuthi ukuthambekela okunjalo kwavela kulo lonke umlando wesintu.

Lokhu kuqhubekela phambili ku-US naseNgilandi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, okwakungenxa yokukhushulwa kokusakazwa kwamalungelo okhetho. Ngo-1903, u-E. Pankhurst wasungula i-Socio-Political Alliance Women in Great Britain. Izimfuneko zakhe zazibandakanya amathuba afanayo abesifazane besemfundo kanye nelungelo lokuvota. Imiqondo eyabeka abesifazane ngokuhambisana namadoda ibonakala ngama-bayonethi ngomphakathi waleso sikhathi. Noma kunjalo, ubufazi buyintuthuko eholele ekutheni iningi lamanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga Yurophu laqaphela ilungelo labesifazane lokuvota. Izokugcina zazinganiswa ngamandla okhetho eSwitzerland (1971) nasePortugal (1974).

Ubufazi besimanje, ngokusho kwesayensi yezenhlalo, nge Amandla amasha azibonakalisa ema-60, ikakhulukazi e-United States. Lapho, le ntshukumo yayibizwa ngokuthi "inkululeko". Abesifazane bafuna ukulingana kwangempela kwe-suffrage, amathuba afanayo okulahla impahla yabashadile. Iphuzu elibalulekile ohlelweni lwabo ukuqinisekiswa kokukhipha isisu, ukukhokha okufanayo komsebenzi ofanayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani owenzayo - indoda noma owesifazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi kwezidingo eziqhutshelwa phambili yizinhlangano zokugqugquzela abesifazane kwakuhlinzeka ithuba lokubamba iqhaza empilweni yomphakathi.

Ezinye izinguquko ezibalulekile sezivele zibonakala emkhakheni wezepolitiki. Ngawo-1990, izinyathelo zithathwe ukwandisa ukumelelwa kwabesifazane emaPhalamende emazweni aseScandinavia (Finland (38.5%) naseSweden (38.1%)). Isimiso sokuthi "iqhaza elibambe iqhaza" kufanele linikeze abesifazane isiqinisekiso sesihlalo esithile sezihlalo kumakomidi eqembu nasegatsheni eliphezulu. Kungathiwa ukuthi ubufazi buyintuthuko ezuze imigomo yayo ngokuyinhloko. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinkinga zilokhu zivela, zikhombisa ukungalingani ngokobulili okukhona ezingqondweni zabantu. Izinkinga ezinjalo zihlanganisa ukukhipha isisu, ubudlova basekhaya, ubulili. Igama lokugcina libhekisela ezinkingeni zamasiko nezenhlalo ezihlobene nobulili. Isibonelo, ngabesifazane abaphindaphindiwe amathuba amaningi okuhlukunyezwa kokubili ezindaweni zomphakathi, Futhi emsebenzini. Kuvame ukushiwo ngabo ukuthi baphumelela "ngombhede." Okokugcina, kuba phezu kwabo ukuthi ingxenye yengonyama yemithwalo yemfanelo kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo yokukhuliswa kanye nokugcinwa kwezingane ihlala.

Ngemuva kokuthola amalungelo afanayo, abesifazane ababonwa emphakathini ngokuhambisana namadoda. Emazweni lapho uhulumeni ehlala khona (uFrance, iGrisi, iPortugal, i-Ireland), ukubamba iqhaza "kobulili obuthakathaka" emisebenzini yezombangazwe kungaphansi kokunye. Amalungelo abesifazane abasemazweni aseSulumane nawo aphulwa, ngomqondo waseYurophu. Izinkinga eziphakanyiswe abesifazane yizindaba ezicindezelayo ezithinta wonke umphakathi njengenhlangano yonke. Kubonakala emibhalweni yomthetho wamazwe omhlaba. Omunye wabo yiSivumelwano Sokuqothula Zonke Izinhlobo Zokucwaswa Kwabesifazane. Le dokhumenti yamukelwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene ngo-1979. Izidingo zezinhlangano zesifazane zibonakala eminyangweni eminingi eqinisekisa ukuthi abamele bobulili bobabili balingana amalungelo emkhayeni, ezombusazwe, ezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho.