UJean-Jacques Rousseau: imibono esemqoka. UJean-Jacques Rousseau: biography, izingcaphuno

UJean-Jacques Rousseau ubhekisela kulabo bafilosofi abazobe bebangela ingxoxo isikhathi eside. Ingabe uyingxenye yezinkanyezi zabacwaningi bokukhanya noma, ngokuphambene nalokho, abagxeka kakhulu abangenakuqhathaniswa nabo? Ingabe wayekulungiselela uMbuso weFrance, noma wenza noma yini ukuze avimbele ukuthi kungenzeki? Abaningi bezobuciko bezemvelo baphula imikhonto yabo, bephikisana ngokuthi ubani uJean-Jacques Rousseau. Imibono eyinhloko yalesi sifilosofi, esasikhathi sinye ezikoleni zemvelo kanye nokuzwela, sizoxoxa ngalesi sihloko. Phela, yilo muntu owayeqaphela ukuthi intuthuko iletha inhlekelele, futhi ukuxolisa okuholela ekubuseni kweningi. Esimweni lapho iningi labantu lahlala khona ebumpofu, wazisa umbono wokulingana jikelele.

Imibono kaJean-Jacques Rousseau: yiziphi izinto ezisekelwe kuzo

Isisusa esiyinhloko semibono yefilosofi yisidingo sokuletha umphakathi ngaphandle kombuso lapho ukhona manje. Okusho ukuthi, kusukela esimweni sobukhohlakala jikelele. Othisha bakhe bentanga bathi kungenzeka, kulungile ukufundisa izikhulu nabaphathi. Futhi ukwakha i-republic lapho wonke umuntu azothola izinzuzo ezilinganayo ezibonakalayo namalungelo ezombangazwe. U-Rousseau ukholelwa ukuthi isimiso esiyinhloko somphakathi oqondile sibheka ekucabangeni kokuziphatha okulungile. Isazi sefilosofi sathi "wonke umuntu unomusa" lapho "intando yakhe yangasese kuyo yonke into ihambisana nentando evamile." Ukuziphatha kwakhe kwakuyisigcawu esikhulu sezinto zonke. Ngakho-ke, wayekholelwa ukuthi ngaphandle kobuhle, akukho nkululeko yangempela ekhona. Kodwa ukuphila kwakhe kwakunjengokuphikisana kwefilosofi yakhe yonke.

Biography. Intsha kanye nokuqala komsebenzi

UJean-Jacques Rousseau, owombono wakhe oyinhloko esiwuhlaziyayo, owazalwa edolobheni laseGeneva futhi, ngezinkolelo zakhe njengengane, wayengumCalvin. Umama wakhe wafa ngesikhathi sokubeletha, futhi uyise wabalekela edolobheni, njengoba ehlaselwe icala lokushushiswa. Kusukela esemncane wafundiswa, kodwa hhayi ummeli wezincwadi noma umshicileli, ogunyazwe yilo isazi sefilosofi esizayo, wayengamthandi. Iqiniso liwukuthi wayekhetha ukufunda izincwadi esikhundleni sokuphuza, futhi angasebenzi. Wayevame ukujeziswa, futhi wanquma ukubalekela. Wafika endaweni engumakhelwane - iSavoy, eyayingumKatolika. Lapho, ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela kukaMadame de Varan, umphathi wakhe wokuqala, waba ngumKatolika. Ngakho kwaqala izinkinga zengqondo encane. Usebenza njenge-lackey emndenini ohloniphekile, kepha akayizimpande lapho futhi abuyele emuva ku Madame de Varan. Ngesizo sakhe, uya e-seminary, uyiphonsa, ehamba eFrance iminyaka emibili, ejwayele ukulala ubusuku bonke, futhi aphinde abuyele othandweni lwakhe lwangaphambili. Ngisho nokukhona komuntu oyedwa okumthanda "umama" akumkhathazi. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingana uJean-Jacques Rousseau, owaziwa ngobusha bakhe ebusheni bakhe ehluke kakhulu emibonweni yakhe eyalandela, wabe esehamba, bese ebuyela eMadame de Varan futhi ahlala naye eParis, eChambéry nakwezinye izindawo.

Ukukhula

Ekugcineni uRousseau wathola ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba uhlale evikelekile kumfazi osekhulile. Wazama ukuthola, kodwa wehlulekile. Akazange akwazi ukuqeqesha izingane, noma ukusebenza njengobhala wenxusa. Ngabo bonke abaqashi, wayenenkinga. I-Misanthropy igxila kancane kancane kulowo muntu. Ngabantu, akaguquli. Imvelo - yilokho okuqala ukuthakazelisa umthandi onjalo wokuzibandakanya, njengoJean-Jacques Rousseau. I-biography yesafilosofi ngokuzumayo yenza isinqumo esibukhali - ushada intombazana, ekhonza kwenye yamahhotela. Kwakuyindoda enesihluku, engcolile, engathandanga ngokuphelele, kepha yamondla. Wanikeza izingane zakhe zonke izintandane, ethi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi wayenayo imali yokusekela umndeni. Waqhubeka esebenza ngezikhundla ezihlukahlukene zesikhashana, futhi manje, ekubeni unobhala, wangena eNhlanganweni Ye-Encyclopaedists, eyahlangana ekhaya. Omunye wabangane bakhe bokuqala kwakunguDenis Diderot. Lezi zinsuku zazivame ukuhlukunyezwa ngenxa yezombusazwe. Ngesinye isikhathi, lapho uJean-Jacques evakashela uDidierot esitokisini, wafunda ephephandabeni isimemezelo sokuncintisana ngomklomelo womsebenzi omuhle wokuthi ngabe isayensi nobuciko busizo emphakathini. Le nsizwa yabhala indaba eveza isiko nempucuko. Ngokumangalisayo, u-Jean-Jacques Rousseau wanikezwa kuqala. Imicabango eyinhloko yefilosofi yakhe yaboniswa kulo mbhalo. Ngakho waqala umlando wakhe njengomcabango.

Inkazimulo

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, uRussia uye waphila iminyaka eyishumi enhle. Wabhala umculo kanye ne-operettas, ababeka esigabeni sobukhosi. Wayenemfashini emphakathini ophakeme. Futhi njengoba umqondo wakhe oyinhloko kwakuwukuthi wenqatshelwe isiko lakhe lesikhathi esidlule, walahla izimiso zokuphila okucebile nokuchuma, waqala ukugqoka ngokushelelayo (futhi ngisho nangenhlonipho) futhi waqala ukukhuluma ngokungenangqondo nangokuthuka nabangane bakhe abahloniphekile. Wathola ukuphila ngokukopisha amanothi. Nakuba abesifazane basemhlabeni bamncenga ngezipho, zonke izipho zanikezwa umkakhe ohahayo. Ngokushesha isazi sefilosofi sabhala omunye umsebenzi, owawuthandwa. Imibono yezombusazwe kaJean-Jacques Rousseau yabonakala okokuqala kulo msebenzi. Ephikisana ngokuthi ukungalingani kwenzeka kanjani, umcabangi wacabanga ukuthi konke okusekelwe empilweni yomphakathi yanamuhla - isimo, imithetho, ukuhlukana komsebenzi - konke lokhu kwaholela ekuweni kokuziphatha. Omunye wabathengisi bakaRousseau, uNkk. D'Epine, wamakhela "iHermitage" ekhethekile emapulazini lapho isazi sefilosofi sasingacabanga khona yedwa. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kwenveli engaphumelelanga ne-aristocrat encane eshadile, eholela ekuhlaselweni kwabakwa-Enisclopedists, u-Rousseau uphula nabangane bakhe.

Izinkinga

Isazi sefilosofi siyisiphephelo kuMbusi waseLuxembourg, lapho ehlala khona iminyaka emine futhi ubhala imisebenzi eminingi. Omunye wabo ulethela ulaka lweSonto kuye, futhi ubalekela esahlulelweni sePhalamende laseParis. Ukuzifihla eSwitzerland wakubo, ubona ukuthi akasamukelekile lapha - uhulumeni waseCenton waseBernese udedela isazi sefilosofi. Isiphephelo esisha esivezwa yinkosi yasePrussia - uRousseau isebenza eminye iminyaka emithathu edolobheni laseMotier. Kodwa-ke, kamuva, uhlamvu lobudlova lenza ukuthi axabane nabo bonke abahlali abazungezile. Ukuzama ukuqala impilo entsha, ufika eGeneva futhi wamukela iCalvinism, kodwa akakwazi ukuhambisana ngokuthula nabameleli balesi sivumo, bese eqala ukuxabana nabo. I-apogee yalezi zinkinga kwakungqubuzana nomunye "oyinhloko yokubhujiswa" yaleso sikhathi - uVoltaire, owayehlala eduze kwaseGeneva, endaweni yeFerne. Umncintiswano wokuhleka usulu ngosizo lwamapheshana asaphila uJean-Jacques waseMotier, kanti uRousseau uphoqeleka ukuba abalekele eNgilandi. Uyamukela isimemo somunye isazi sefilosofi uHume. Kodwa naye akatholi ukuphila, futhi emva kwesikhathi umngane omusha uthi u-Rousseau uyaziqhenya.

Ukuxosha nokufa

Isazi sefilosofi sabuyela eParis, siphinde sigijime, sithole isiphephelo kumngane othile, bese sisuka kwenye. U-Voltaire uqala ukushicilela amapheshana ngokuphila okumbi kwesilisa ogama lakhe linguRussia Jean-Jacques. Ifilosofi nezenzo zale "mzenzisi" ngokuphelele akuhambisani nomunye nomunye, kubhala umphikisi. Ephendula, u-Rousseau ubhala i-Confession edume, ezama ukufakazela ukuthi wayekade ekhona futhi okwamanje. Kodwa ukugula kwakhe kwengqondo kuyaqhubeka. Impilo yakhe ikhula ngokushesha, futhi ngokushesha, ngokusho kweyodwa inguqulo, ngesikhathi sekhonsathi ehlelwe udumo lwakhe, isazi sefilosofi siyafa ngokuzumayo. Ingcwaba lakhe esiqhingini saseYves laliyindawo yokuhambela abacwaningi bezingcingo ababekholelwa ukuthi uRousseau waba yisisulu sokuthunjwa kwabantu.

URousseau Jean-Jacques. Ifilosofi yokuphunyuka

Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, imisebenzi yokuqala yomcabango yayinokuncintisana ngokuthi "Reasonings" mayelana nobuciko, isayensi kanye nemvelaphi yokungalingani. Ngokulandelayo, wabhala imisebenzi enjengokuthi "Inkontileka Yezenhlalakahle", "Emil, noma Imfundo Yezingqinamba" ne "New Eloise". Enye yemisebenzi yakhe ibhaliwe ngesimo sendaba, kanti ezinye zifana namanoveli. KwakunguJean-Jacques Rousseau odumile kakhulu. Imibono eyisisekelo mayelana nokuveza imiphakathi nemasiko, okudingeka kuyo ukubaleka, evezwe nguye ebusheni bakhe, ukuthola ukuqhubeka kwayo kwemvelo. Into esemqoka kumuntu, njengoba isazi sefilosofi esikholelwa, akusiyo ukuhlakanipha, kodwa imizwa. Izindlela ezisemqoka zokuziphatha ziyi-Conscious and Genius. Ngokungafani nesizathu, azikho iphutha, nakuba ngokuvamile engabonakali. I-Renaissance, okuyinto wonke umuntu ayithandayo, ibangele ukwehla kwangempela emphakathini, ngoba isayensi, ubuciko kanye nokuthuthukiswa komkhakha, owaqala ngokuqondile ngaleso sikhathi, kwaholela ekuhlukaniseni abantu komunye nomunye kanye nokuvela kwezidingo zokufakelwa. Futhi umsebenzi walesi sifilosofi ukwenza umuntu futhi futhi, ngokufanayo, ujabule.

Ukubukwa komlando

Kodwa akuyona nje kuphela ukubuyiswa kabusha kwezingqalasizinda kanye nokuphumelela kwayo okwenziwe uJean-Jacques Rousseau. Inkolelo yenkontileka yomphakathi ingenye yeziphetho zakhe eziyinhloko zefilosofi. Ukugxeka imibono yezombusazwe yamuva, uphikisana ne-Hobbes ethandwa ngaleso sikhathi. Esikhathini esiphezulu, uRousseau uthi, kwakungekho "impi yabo bonke ngokumelene nabo bonke," kodwa kwakukhona "ubudala begolide" yangempela. Umphakathi wanamuhla owile uqala ngokubonakala kwempahla yangasese - ngokushesha nje lapho othile efaka isiteleka futhi wathi: "Lokhu kungokwami," ukungabi namuntu kwengane yesintu kwanyamalala. Yiqiniso, isayensi ayikwazi ukuguqulwa, kodwa intuthuko ingancipha njengaleyo. Ukwenza lokhu, kubalulekile ukuphothula inkontileka yomphakathi bese wenza i-republic of proprietors ezincane ezilinganayo. Zonke izinkinga lapho kuzokwethwasiswa hhayi ngokuhlukaniswa kwamandla, kodwa ngama-referendums.

Yini okufanele ibe ngumuntu

UJean-Jacques Rousseau wabhala okuningi ngemfundo. Umuntu, okokuqala, kumele abe ngumuntu wemvelo, ngoba zonke izifiso zakhe eziyisisekelo namakhono afakwe ngokwemvelo. Njengoba imizwa, njengoba sesichazile kakade, yiyona nto ebalulekile kubantu, khona-ke kubaluleke kakhulu kubo ukuthuthukisa. Ukucabanga okuyingqayizivele kuphela kumathayi, kodwa akugcini. Isithunzi sangempela somuntu sivela enhliziyweni, hhayi emqondweni. Abantu bazama ukungalizwa izwi lesazela, kodwa lokhu kuyisimo soMvelo ngokwawo. Lapho ephishekela impucuko, umuntu wayekhohlwa ngalokhu futhi oyisithulu. Ngakho-ke, kufanele abuyele esimweni sakhe esihle, emele umfanekiso we "ocebile omuhle," okusheshayo kwezinzwa, hhayi izidingo ezingadingekile zokuziphatha okubonakalayo.

Ukukhanyiswa kanye nemfundo

Imibono yefilosofi igcwele ukungqubuzana. Ukuwa phansi esimweni nesayensi, uRousseau, noma kunjalo, wayehlala ejabulela izithelo zawo futhi emfundweni yomuntu yaqaphela isidingo kanye nokufaneleka okungenakuphikwa. Wayekholelwa, njengabaningi besikhathi sakhe, ukuthi uma ababusi belalela izazi zefilosofi, khona-ke umphakathi uzoba ophelele kakhulu. Kodwa lokhu akukona ukuphikisana okuwukuphela komcabango onjalo njengoJean-Jacques Rousseau. Imiqondo yokufundisa yesafilosofi inika ithemba ekukhanyeni, okuyinto eyayigxeka kakhulu. Yilokho okungenza kube khona imfundo izakhamuzi ezifanele, futhi ngaphandle kwababusi kanye nabangaphansi bayoba yizigqila nabaqambimanga kuphela. Kodwa kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ubuntwana bomuntu ukukhumbula kwakhe ipharadesi elahlekile lonyaka wegolide, bese uzama ukuthatha okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka emvelweni.

Ubuhle buyisisekelo sezinto zonke

Nakuba ukuphila kwefilosofi akuhambisani nemibono yakhe, ukuziphatha kuyingxenye ebalulekile emisebenzini yakhe. Imizwelo nozwela, kusukela ekubukeni komcabango, yizona zisekelo eziyisisekelo zobuhle, futhi lokhu kutholakala enhliziyweni yomuntu nomphakathi. Ngakho wacabanga Russo Jean-Jacques. Izitatimende sefilosofi mayelana nokuziphatha, imvelo nenkolo zifana kakhulu. Bobabili ubuhle nokukholwa kufanele kube ngaphansi kwemvelo, wathi. Ngaleso sikhathi kuphela umphakathi uzoba ohle uma ukuvumelana nezithakazelo zawo wonke amalungu emphakathini kuzokwenziwa phakathi kwezwe langaphakathi lomuntu, izingqinamba zakhe zokuziphatha, ngokomzwelo nangokwengqondo. Ngakho-ke, abantu ngabanye kumele banqobe ukuhlukana kwabo ngokobuciko komunye nomunye futhi bangabi njengabazombangazwe "abafana nezimpisi ezinonya ... kunamaKristu ... abafisa ukubuyisela abaphikisi babo endleleni yeqiniso."

Ithonya likaRousseau ezinsukwini zakhe ezalandela nangemva kwalokho kwakungenakuphikwa. Imibono yakhe mayelana nokuphikiswa kobugovu nobuhle, ubulungisa nokukhohlisa kwemithetho yamanga, ukuhaha kwabanikazi kanye nokungabi nabulungile kwabampofu, kanye namaphupho okubuyela emvelweni bathathwa yi-romantics, fighters yokuhleleka kwezenhlalakahle kanye namalungelo omphakathi, njengabantu abafuna ubumbano nobuzalwane.