Lokho zidayisa amabhodlela winemakers, abawenzayo kanye bamakhemikhali: ukuthuthukiswa emaphaketheni Amathrendi

Inhlangano yokuqala, ke ucela ukuphendula umbuzo yini okuthengiswa amabhodlela, cishe yonke okufanayo - iwayini.

Nakuba abaseRussia ngokuvamile ngokwanele ukuba basho vodka futhi ubhiya, emelela ingilazi ibhodlela ecacile. Kamuva khumbula ubisi ibhodlela, ama-PET polutoralitrovye lemonade, amakhemikhali lomndeni plastic, amafutha sunflower kanye kuphela.

Mayelana nomlando

Ukuze isitoreji kanye zokuhamba abamele ngamafutha newayini impucuko yasendulo esetshenziswa futhi isilwane izikhumba eqoshiwe iziqukathi lokhuni nezitsha sobumba. I sibonelo amabhodlela besimanje abayikho, Yiqiniso, amphora lwaseGibhithe lasendulo: izitsha mpo ewumngcingo-lukhuni ukuba baphathe futhi sigcine kokubili ubhiya newayini, namafutha.

Glass iziqukathi yokugcina uketshezi isetjentiswe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu edlule (1700 BC. E.). Glass iziqukathi eyenziwe asebenza ngebhethri unama. Le nqubo iye inkimbinkimbi, isikhathi-ukudliwa futhi isikhathi eside. Futhi kuphela ke, ngesikhathi kusungulwe blowpipe (BC 1-2 leminyaka. E.), Inqubo kwaya kuba lula. Okuwukuphela kwesizathu esenza amaRoma kahle ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ingilazi, ekuthuthukiseni ukuma namandla izitsha.

Ngemva kwekhulu le-13 amakhosi Venetian izihloko ewela aphume ezweni futhi waqala ukuba zitshele yonke indawo, lapho kwakunesidingo sabamemezeli ukugcina kanye ezokuthutha uketshezi, yize babengaphelele ngempela ziyaqothuka.

Esikhathini British kuhhavini ngekhulu le-17 lobunikazi for amalahle labadubuli. imikhiqizo Glass baye waqina esithandweni senziwa labadubuli okungenzeka amabhodlela amnyama. Winemakers ngalibona lokhu futhi, ngokufanelekile, kanye nelungelo lobunikazi ibhodlela lokuqala iwayini (1661, eNgilandi).

Kungani ingilazi?

Izinzuzo ingilazi phambi ubumba zisobala: ephakeme ukumelana nokuhuzuka, brittleness ephansi, obala sekuyaphela. transportability High enikeziwe ezishibhile yokukhiqiza inqubo (umshini ukwenziwa ingilazi yomthetho ngo-1901) isibe alawula ukusabalala ingilazi. Yokuhlanzeka, kulula ukuhlanza, yimuphi kwabantu nombala - kwalezi zimo ezinhle eyayikuzo kunezelwa kuthishanhloko, futhi ingilazi emaphaketheni isibe elibalulekile.

Lokho zidayisa amabhodlela ngengilazi winemakers namuhla?

Lobunikazi i ibhodlela lewayini kusukela hhayi ngekhulu le-17 uye washintsha ezinkulu.

Ethandwa kakhulu mass kubhekwe Bordeaux ibhodlela, kungashiwo kalula obonwa ezihlukile emahlombe phansi ngilugweda. Isetshenziselwa ngokugcwalisa iwayini obomvu nomhlophe.

Ukuze amabhodlela waseBurgundy elinesimo emahlombe ezitshekile, lena yesibili ngobukhulu ingilazi iziqukathi iwayini.

Donsela phezulu ibhodlela Burgundy ngokuthi "umtshingo", ke kwase kuqala wadedelwa ngo eJalimane.

Ibhodlela odumile iwayini elikhazimulayo yasungulwa (by legend, umkhiqizi amawayini anegwebu "Dom Perignon") indela Pierre Perignon. Isici yalesi emaphaketheni kuyinto ukushuba odongeni, kanye capping ekhethekile phansi kwesamba.

Iziqukathi vodka nemimoya

Phakathi nenkathi yamaSoviet abakhileyo ezweni ungakhululeki ku ngobufushane amafomu ehlongozwayo ingilazi, lapho uthele vodka, brandy rum. vodka Ukudayiswa lahlelwa ngemuva ingilazi iziqukathi: sabantu amabhodlela ezingcolile athathwe, base wageza off ilebula, wenza imishini ekhethekile wokuwasha, kuphela emva kwalokho futhi ibhodlela egcwele nge-vodka. isiqukathi ejwayelekile babe amabhodlela esobala futhi aluhlaza - 0.5 litre, okungenani 0.25.

Amadili abakhiqizi vodka yanamuhla mangaza hhayi kuphela ubunjalo okuqukethwe kanye izihloko, kodwa futhi ifomu. Traditional glass amabhodlela Soviet uhambe endleleni, yadedela ukuthuthukiswa amafomu design monogram futhi ilebula ezimibalabala. Ngokuvamile, ukupakisha namuhla kuza kuqala.

Beer-Glass noma PET

isiqukathi boMdabu ubhiya emva ubhiya mug ingilazi ibhodlela ubhekwa: ezimhlophe, okusobala, oluhlaza, konsundu. Ngaphambi 1970, kwathiwa amangalelwe ngohlelo ingilazi for bottling ubhiya.

amabhodlela ezenziwe kusukela polyethylene terephthalate (PET) isibe okunye ngaphandle kwemibandela kuya ingilazi esindayo. izitsha isisindo plastic for ubhiya (nezinye izinhlobo zophuzo) 0.5 L - 28 amagremu eziphelele, futhi ingilazi ukala 350 amagremu.

Abakhi PET amabhodlela izinzuzo zalesi esitsheni zihlanganisa izindleko ongaphakeme, futhi kalula yokusingatha, futhi aesthetics, futhi recyclability.

Nemibi PET iziqukathi

Barrier izakhiwo PET amabhodlela ungavumeli uketshezi kwi-umthamo eside. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-ezincane usayizi igesi molecule (oxygen ne -carbon dioxide) ngempela kalula zingene uchungechunge eliphezulu yamangqamuzana isisindo polyethylene isakhiwo. Nor is it ukubiya ukuze emisebe yama-UV.

Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo uphuzo carbonated ziyahlukahluka. EJalimane, ubhiya e amabhodlela PET ingasetshenziswa kuphela kungakapheli amasonto amabili. abakhiqizi Domestic ukubeka tolerances omkhulu - kuze kufinyelele ezinyangeni ezine.

Lokho zidayisa amabhodlela PET, ngaphandle ubhiya?

Le nkampani "PepsiCo" kuqala ukusebenzisa emaphaketheni esinjalo iziphuzo ezibandayo. Ngo-1974, le mboni ukwenziwa PET amabhodlela lakhiwa Novorossiysk le nkampani.

Ibhizinisi lokuveza esitsheni enjalo kubhekwa omunye ethandwa kakhulu futhi inzuzo: inzuzo okusezingeni eliphezulu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba uthole imali esitalini utshalomali esincane. Mayelana share izindleko amabhodlela e intengo yokugcina ithi: 90% intengo lamanzi esiphethu kuyinto izindleko isitsha.

ERussia namuhla PET funa ngesikhathi ukugcwalisa lonke - nemikhiqizo yalo, zemifino amafutha nesiphuzo. Ukuze jelly and amafutha umthamo ejwayelekile - 0.9-1 l. ayo asemabhodleleni ukhululeka 0.1 litre ukuba 1 ilitha.

amanzi asemabhodleleni amaminerali eRussia funa kancane ku ingilazi kuka e-PET. Lokhu kungenxa seasonality ukusetshenziswa kanye nokukhangisa ngemibono wanithwesa umkhiqizo elisha baseRussia zomphakathi (kusukela ngo-1990).

Amabhodlela eyenziwe ngepulasitiki ne-aluminium, kuphi futhi kungani

Ukuze lo mbuzo: "Yini okuthengiswa amabhodlela eyenziwe ngepulasitiki" - impendulo yalowo mbuzo icacile: amakhemikhali yasendlini, amakha kanye upende izimboni.

Kuyinto engenakwenzeka futhi sicabange ekhishini ngaphandle amabhodlela nge ezahlukene zhirosmyvatelyami futhi ibala removers. ukhetho olukhulu amashampu, si, isimo ngepulasitiki noma aluminium amabhodlela amazing.

Automobile nokwakhiwa opende, enamels Kohler ekhiqizwa yizimboni hhayi kuphela izigubhu ezinkulu, kodwa futhi ngoba emakethe mass esitsheni plastic.