Engineering yeselula

Zonke izinto eziphilayo ukuphila akhiwa amangqamuzana: namagciwane ukuze ezincelisayo ephakeme. eziphilayo Ephakeme aqukethe izitho, izitho aqukethe kwezicubu, izicubu yakhiwa amaseli. Zonke izakhiwo noma iyiphi umzimba zinqunywa ufuzo yayo, okungukuthi kuseli (kunoma yiziphi amaseli umzimba).

Ngokusho idatha ethile, ufuzo wezibawu abavamile futhi abantu zifana ngamakwata amathathu. Akukho lutho isimanga kuleli. Isisekelo zezakhi zofuzo - deoxyribonucleic acid - DNA - ithwala lonke ulwazi mayelana nokwakhiwa zonke amaprotheni-biochemistry umzimba khashana juphe 'ukubukeka ", ubukhulu nesisindo ndlovu kwezinhlobo, ngokusobala, unikezwa hhayi okungaka. Kafushane, Darwin nakanjani kwesokudla, kanye kwemvelo weyesi nodal izixhumanisi ezithile futhi fly futhi indoda. Futhi le nkolo akusho ziyaphikisana, ngoba igcina kuphela iqiniso zokudalwa kokuphila nguNkulunkulu, kodwa akusho lokulawula ubuchwepheshe uqobo.

Gene and Cell Engineering (lo mqondo eyodwa) iphatha ubudlelwano phakathi idivayisi DNA futhi izakhiwo lezinceku eziphilayo. Yiqiniso, it is ehlome nalezi zindlela, wasebenzisa zazo, isibonelo, ngesikhathi Mendel, futhi akazange alinge dream.

iseli ubunjiniyela ndlela ngalesi sigaba ukuthi ochwepheshe izinsalela DNA eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene futhi bafaka ku-DNA i umzimba akhethiwe njengoba into cwaningo. Le ndlela ulimi ososayensi abathanda matemu, ibizwa ngokuthi ukubonakaliswa DNA isakhi sokuzakhela. Njengoba ithuluzi esithathwayo imingcele enzyme - enzyme ethize webhaktheriya uyakwazi sakhathala salokhu sinamathele DNA. Zibizwa ngokuthi njengesifenqo - imimese begazi.

Ukuba isakhi sofuzo (transgene) kuqoqwa izingcezwana wathi, uyifake ibe molecule ye-DNA, ngokuthi vector futhi idluliselwe kube amaseli lapho replicates (liphindaphindeke) wedwa noma ngemva ngokuhlanganisa ne "bomdabu" chromosome. Lapha kukhona ubunzima obukhulu nge imishini, ngoba impahla kuyadingeka ukuze ungenele ngqamuzana elincanyana ngenkani, kodwa ngaphandle kokubukela phansi ubuqotho bayo. Ngenxa yalokhu kukhona eziningi izindlela eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngoba izindlela zemvelo ukwenza lokhu kungenzeki. Yiqiniso, akukho imfihlakalo, nje kwemvelo akanikezanga lutho, kunalokho, ngafaka kweqembu izithiyo ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo.

Umgomo lithwala ubunjiniyela cell: izidakamizwa ukuthola, ukuqedwa eliphezulu zezitshalo kutshalwa, ukudalwa izinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane, futhi njengoba iphuzu esiphezulu - ukususa impucuko yethu zonke izifo. Labo bani phikisana (ungafuni ukubabiza obscurantist) kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi zokwenziwa insulini eyodwa kuphela lukusindisile futhi ngeke umsindise izigidi labantu abaphethwe isifo sikashukela futhi bandisa ukuphila kwabo kwase kuphele amashumi eminyaka!

Ukukhathazeka okukhona mayelana genetic engineering angasuselwa ukuzalwa kwaso ngo-1972, lapho iqembu P. Berg (USA) kwemiqondo DNA wokuqala isakhi sokuzakhela kusukela oncogenic igciwane SV40 futhi E.coli izimfene. Kugcine - kuyinto E. coli, ngaphandle okuyinto umuntu akakwazi ukuphila. Futhi wakha igciwane elibanga umdlavuza. Ososayensi ngokoqobo wayethukile futhi akazange ngisho bayaqhubeka besebenza ngaleso sikhathi. Kwakukhona isikhathi eside ucwaningo kulungiselelwa kulawulwe ngokucophelela isimo, okuyinto efana ukulawula umsebenzi izikhali zenuzi.

Ngenhlanhla, kushuba izindleko begazi isakhi sofuzo imisebenzi emadanisekako kushuba izindleko zocwaningo athomu, futhi ngenxa yalokho ngeke ilunge ukuthi iyishaye amaphekula ezingaba khona.

Empeleni, lokhu ubunjiniyela yeselula - inkemba double nhlangothi zombili - kunganikeza umuntu kweminyaka eminingi kangaka ekuphileni njengoba efuna yena, kodwa kungase futhi kwabangela ezinkulu amashwa eyesabisa kakhulu zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ningaxabani, ubufakazi obuphikisana nalokho, futhi "kuyi intengo" waziwa. Konke kuncike kabani ohlanzekile noma izandla ezingcolile kuyinto ubunjiniyela yeselula. Futhi, ngenxa yezizathu inhloso, kungaba futhi uphike futhi aqhubekele phambili. Ukuthuthukiswa isayensi kungaphansi kwemithetho yayo yasekhaya.