Empress Maria Alexandrovna (unkosikazi ka-Alexander II): Biography, izithombe

Ikusasa Empress Maria Alexandrovna wazalwa ngo-1824 e Darmstadt - inhloko-dolobha Hessen. Baby okuthiwa Maximilian Vilgeminoy Augusta Sofiey Mariey.

umsuka

ubaba wakhe isiJalimane, Ludwig II (1777-1848) - Grand UMbusi Hesse futhi Rhine. Weza amandla emva Julayi Revolution.

Umama wentombazane kwaba Vilgelmina Badenskaya (1788-1836). Wayengumngane ongowokuzalwa Baden Tseringenov ekhaya. Ngo zegceke kwakukhona amahemuhemu ukuthi izingane zakhe ezincane, kuhlanganise Maximilian, kwazalwa uxhumano nomunye kwezicebi wendawo. Ludwig II - umyeni Esemthethweni - wavuma njengendodakazi yakhe, ukugwema nehlazo okuyihlazo. Noma kunjalo, le ntombazane nomfowabo u-Alexander waqala ihlale ngokwahlukana uyise sokuhlala kwakhe e Darmstadt. Le sayithi "links" luye lwaba Heiligenberg, neyayingaphansi umama noWilhelmina sika.

Umhlangano u-Alexander II

Ngesikhathi Romanovs yayithandwa imishado dynastic nge amakhosazana German. Ngokwesibonelo, owandulela Mary - Alexandra (unkosikazi Nicholas mina) - eyindodakazi iNkosi yasePrussia. Futhi ngomfazi umbusi wokugcina waseRoma isiRashiya, futhi, kwaba ukuphuma endlini ka Hesse. Ngakho nalemvelaphi, isinqumo u-Alexander II umfazi German kusuka ubukhulu encane Akubonakali kuyinqaba.

Empress Maria Alexandrovna wahlangana umyeni wakhe wesikhathi esizayo ngoMashi 1839, lapho eseneminyaka engu-14 ubudala, kanti yena ungumuntu wabantu - 18. Ngaleso sikhathi, u-Alexander indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi njengoba wenza uhambo lukaKhisimusi ukuhlola izindlu ababusayo wendawo. Daughter of uMbusi Hesse, ayehlangana nabo play "vestal".

Indlela ukuvumelanisa umshado

Ngemva Alexander baqala ukuqomisana e izinhlamvu ukukholisa abazali abanikwe imvume lokushada German. Nokho, unina waba ngokumelene uxhumano we Umqhele Prince ezinjalo. Wakhe udidekile namahemuhemu umsuka obungemthetho sentombazane. UMbusi uNicholas, kunalokho, iye yanquma ukuba angathathi ngamawala, futhi ukucabangela ngokucophelela.

Iqiniso lokuthi indodana yakhe u-Alexander waba kakade babe nesipiliyoni sakhe ekuphileni kwakho siqu. Yena wathandana izintokazi wenkantolo Olgu Kalinovskuyu. Abazali babengabafuni nakubabona ubuhlobo obunjalo ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, le ntombazane has a umsuka elula. Okwesibili, kwaba naye owayengumKatolika. Ngakho u-Alexander naye ngenkani ahlukaniswe nabanye futhi wathumela kuJehowashi Europe, nje yokuthi wakwazi ukuthola ephathini efanelekayo.

Ngakho Nicholas yanquma hhayi ukuba engozini futhi ingangqubuzani inhliziyo yendodana yakhe futhi. Kunalokho, le ndoda yaqala ukubuza ngokuningiliziwe mayelana intombazane umphatheli Alexander Kavelina futhi imbongi Vasiliya Zhukovskogo, owalandela ephelezelwa ohambweni lwakhe. Lapho i-emperor wathola nemibiko emihle, ngokushesha kulandele oda emhlabeni egcekeni mabangabe okwakwenqatshelwe isakaze noma yikuphi amahemuhemu mayelana inkosazana Hessian.

Lo myalo kwakudingeka alalele ngisho iNdlovukazi Alexandra Feodorovna. Wabe esenquma yena ukuya Darmstadt pre-bajwayelane indodakazi. It ingenzeka kanjani umcimbi - ezifana awenzekanga emlandweni Russian.

Uhlobo kanye nezithakazelo

Ikusasa Empress Maria Alexandrovna kwaba nethonya elikhulu ku-esasisandulele. Ngemva komhlangano we imvume abashadayo etholwe.

Yini ngakho ekhangwa ngokunamandla abanye intombazane German? Incazelo eningiliziwe iningi ukubukeka kwakhe ngokomzimba ushiye e Umlando wakhe, incekukazi yakhe udumo Anna Tiutchev (indodakazi imbongi edumile). Ngokusho kwakhe, iNdlovukazi uMaria Alexandrovna kwadingeka ibala obucayi, izinwele amahle amehlo mnene big amehlo aluhlaza. Ngenxa yalokhu, kubukeka kuxaka izindebe mncane, iyiphi livame ukuveza i smile Kuyahlekisa.

Le ntombazane enolwazi olujulile umculo nezincwadi European. imfundo yakhe futhi ububanzi nokudepha kolwazi izithakazelo ayithinta ku bonke abanye, futhi abantu abaningi bese kwesokunxele ukubuyekeza kwabo ngenxa yamakhono ngesimo Umlando. Ngokwesibonelo, umlobi u-Aleksey Konstantinovich UTolstoy ukuthi iNdlovukazi yolwazi yakhe ngokungagcini nje ivelele kusuka abanye besifazane, kodwa ngisho kubonakale outperforms khona namadoda amaningi.

Ukubukeka inkantolo kanye lomshado

Umshado kwenzeka ngokushesha ngemva wonke imicikilisho esezinzile. Umakoti efika Petersburg ngo-1840 futhi kwaba Ukukhalipha umxhwele kakhulu futhi ubuhle inhlokodolobha Russian. Ngo-December ke bamukela ubuKristu Bobu-Orthodox futhi ekubhapathizweni wathola igama Maria Alexandrovna. Ngakusasa kwaba khona isithembiso phakathi kwakhe kanye indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi. Umshado kwenzeka esikhathini esingangonyaka kamuva, ngo-1841-m. Wawuthatha e Cathedral Church, ise-Winter Palace Petersburg. Manje ingenye emakamelweni Hermitage, lapho kukhona nemibukiso njalo.

Le ntombazane kwakunzima ukugqekeza impilo entsha ngenxa yolimi futhi besaba hhayi njengoyise umukhwe. Pho yena wavuma nsuku uMaria wachitha ku izikhonkwane kanye izinaliti, uzizwa "sokuzithandela", ukulungele ukusheshe kuphi by umyalo okungazelelwe, efana reception ezingalindelekile. ukuphila okuphezulu lilonke lalingakwazi umthwalo inkosazana umqhele futhi kamuva Empress. Kwakuthinta ngokuyinhloko kuboshelwe nomyeni wakhe nezingane zakhe, ngazama zenziwe kuphela ukuze basize izingane ezinjalo, kunokuba ukuchitha isikhathi on imicikilisho.

Wokugcotshwa owakwakhe kwenzeka ngo-1856 ngemva kokufa Nicholas I. Amathathu Maria Alexandrovna wanikezwa isimo esisha, okuyinto bethukile yakhe ngaso sonke isikhathi, wayengumhlali indodakazi yombusi.

uhlamvu

Abaphila Besikhathi waphawula izinzuzo eziningi ukuthi kwadingeka iNdlovukazi, iNdlovukazi uMaria Alexandrovna. Ubonakalisile umusa ekugcineni, ukunakekela abantu, ngobuqotho ngamazwi nangezenzo. Kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu futhi esiphawulekayo kwaba umuzwa wesibopho, naye wahlala inkantolo yathumbela isihloko kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe. isinyathelo ngasinye oluhambisana isimo salo yasebukhosini.

Uhlale sebenzisa okuhlala zenkolo futhi kwaba ozinikele kakhulu. Lesi sici kangaka elavelela ubunjalo iNdlovukazi ukuthi kulula yayo kakhulu ukucabanga indelakazi kuka Regal. Ngokwesibonelo, Ludwig II (King of eBavaria) waphawula ukuthi Maria A. oNgcwele lizungezwe halo. Lokhu kuziphatha ngezindlela eziningi akaphenduli nge isimo salo, njengoba ezindaweni eziningi okwakuhlala isimo (ngisho esisemthethweni) izindaba kuyadingeka ukuba khona kwakhe, naphezu kususwe ukuziphatha madding isixuku.

esiza abantulayo

Iningi Empress Maria Alexandrovna - unkosikazi Alexandra 2 - lalaziwa esiza abantulayo wakhe wonke. Ezweni lonke, bangakunaki wavula izibhedlela, izindawo zokukhosela namaziko, esikoleni, owathola epithet "Mariinsky". Zonke wasivula wabukela izibhedlela 5, amakhaya ezintandane 36, 12 sokunakekela asebegulela ukufa, 5 zosizo. Bekhohliswa ukunakekelwa ozijameleko imfundo 2 Institute ezakhiwa, izikole ezine kweshumi, amakhulu ezikoleni ezincane ababazi kanye nezisebenzi, njll Kulesi imali Maria Alexandrovna, izimali kokubili komphakathi kanye nezinkampani ezizimele (eyakhishwa 50 000 ruble zesiliva ngomnyaka .. nezindleko zomuntu siqu).

Ukunakekelwa kwezempilo isibe angomunye umsebenzi, okuyinto waziphatha iNdlovukazi Maria Alexandrovna. IRed Cross ubonakele eRussia okuqalwe wakhe. amavolontiya wakubo wasiza amasosha alimele ngesikhathi sempi Bulgaria ngokumelene Turkey e 1877-1878.

Ukufa indodakazi yakhe kanye

Ukufelwa kakhulu umndeni wasebukhosini kokufa indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi. Empress Maria Alexandrovna - unkosikazi Alexandra 2 - wakhipha unkosikazi wakhe izingane eziyisishiyagalombili. I Nicholas owamazibulo wazalwa ngo-1843, ngemva kweminyaka emibili komshado, lapho la le nkosi yayiyisazi namanje namesake Umkhulu wakhe.

Ingane kwahluka ingqondo acijile uhlamvu amahle yena wayethandwa wonke amalungu omkhaya. Umyeni wami wayesevele waziphatha futhi wafundiswa ngenxa yengozi abalimele emuva kwakhe. Kukhona izinguqulo eziningana kwenzekeni. Noma Nicholas aqathaka ihhashi noma hit etafuleni zemabula emzabalazweni yamahlaya nomngani wakhe. Ekuqaleni, ukulimala kwaba ongabonakali, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, indlalifa baba paler futhi wazizwa sibi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, odokotela wamphatha okungalungile - imithi engabelwe rheumatism, okuyinto musa ukuzuza, ukuze akusiyo imbangela yangempela isifo kwahlonzwa. Ngokushesha Nicholas ukuthi ngizohamba ngesihlalo sabakhubazekile unomphela. Kwakuyisikhathi ukucindezeleka nezesabekayo wahlupheka Empress Maria Alexandrovna. isifo unyana Kwaqala ngemva yokushonelwa indodakazi yakhe Alexandra, ababulawa meningitis. Umama wale ngane kuthiwa njalo ngaphansi uNicholas, ngisho nalapho kwanqunywa ukuba umthume Nice ukwelapha isifo sofuba yomgogodla, lapho ashonela khona iminyaka engu-22.

Cooling of ubudlelwano nomyeni wakhe

Bobabili u-Alexander noMariya ngendlela yabo nge nobunzima wabhekana nalokhu kulahlekelwa. UMbusi sola yena ngoba Esenze indodana yakhe ukwenza okuningi ukuqeqeshwa ngokomzimba, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi lokho futhi kuvele ingozi. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa kuvele elihlukanisiwe owakwakhe nomunye.

Inkathazo wawuwukuthi wonke ngokuphila kwabo kwesikhathi esizayo ndawonye lalinabashumayeli imicikilisho efanayo. Ekuseni, kwaba isikhulu duty ngokwanga nenkulumo ejwayelekile izindaba dynastic. Emini lo mbhangqwana wahlangana nomunye umbukiso. kusihlwa Empress wachitha nezingane, futhi umyeni wami njalo lost on ibhizinisi uhulumeni. Wayewathanda umndeni, kodwa akulona neze isikhathi esanele nomndeni, okungase kungasizi eqaphela Maria Alexandrovna. UMbusikazi Alexandra wayezama ukusiza kwezamabhizinisi, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni yokuqala.

Khona-ke (ekuqaleni wokubusa) inkosi ngenjabulo kuboniswane nomkakhe izixazululo eziningi. Wayehlale uyazi imibiko ezikhonzayo yakamuva. Ngokuvamile, iseluleko sakhe ukhathazekile wehlelo lefundo zombelele. Lokhu kubangelwe imisebenzi yesihle ngofaka Empress Maria Alexandrovna. Futhi ukuthuthukiswa kwemfundo kulezi iminyaka Uthole push yemvelo phambili. izikole Ivuliwe, ukufinyelela kubo zazivela abalimi, lapho, phakathi kwezinye izinto, futhi yakhululwa serfdom eholwa ngu-Alexander.

UMbusikazi kwadingeka kule akhawunti umbono ovulekile kakhulu, ngalo lahlukaniswa, isibonelo, nge Kavelin, emtshela ukuthi liyaweseka umyeni wakhe ngenxa yokuthi wayenesifiso ukunikeza eziningi kakhulu lombhalo inkululeko Russian.

Nokho, nge kusungulwa Manifesto (1861) Empress ekubeni izindaba ngaphansi ukhathazekile yomphakathi ngenxa Ukupholisa ngomoya ubudlelwane nomyeni wakhe. Kwakuhlangene nohlobo ezingezwakali ka Romanov. Inkosi ngokuya sebedlula sikhonona esigodlweni wayevame kakhulu ibheka umbono womkayo, ukuthi itholakala ngaphansi isithende sakhe. Kwawucasula Alexander inkululeko abathanda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isihloko autocrat yena ubophekile ukuba athathe izinqumo kuphela intando yabo, ngaphandle kokukhuluma ubani. Kwakungenxa ubunjalo amandla eRussia, okuyinto kukholakala ziye enikezwa nguNkulunkulu kuphela agcotshiwe. Kodwa igebe yangempela phakathi zaguga zabe eziseza.

Ekaterina Dolgorukova

Ngo-1859, u-Alexander II eyenziwa aqondisa engxenyeni eseningizimu ye-Empire (manje Ukraine) - kwasho iminyaka engu-150 ka-Battle of Poltava. UMbusi wayeka ngokuvakashela indlu Manor we Dolgorukovy abadumile. Lokhu uhlanga kuyinto legatsha le Rurik izikhulu. Okungukuthi, abameleli bayo babe nezihlobo ezikude Romanovs. Kodwa phakathi gentility umndeni XIX leminyaka yakweleta, njengasezulwini Silks, futhi ikhanda lakhe ePrince Michael kukhona impahla eyodwa kuphela - Teplovka.

UMbusi lafika futhi wasiza Dolgoruky, ngokukhethekile, wanika namadodana akhe Guard, namadodakazi ithunyelwa Smolny Institute, ethembisa ukukhokhela izindleko esikhwameni wasebukhosini. Khona-ke wahlangana nantathu Catherine Mikhailovna. Le ntombazane kwammangaza ilukuluku nothando ayenalo zokuphila.

Ngo-1865 le nkosi ngokwesiko evakashele lapha kuya Smolny Institute for Noble emaNtombazaneni. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke ukuthi, ngemva hiatus eside, wabona Catherine, owaphenduka iminyaka engu-18. Yena wawudume ubuhle emangalisayo.

The Emperor, okwadingeka onesimo yokubonisana uthando, waqala ukuthumela izipho zakhe ngokusebenzisa abasizi babo. Waze waba go futhi ubone Institute ye-incognito, kodwa kwanqunywa ukuthi kwaba kakhulu, futhi le ntombazane ngaphansi ibhaxa yokugula axoshwe. Manje wayehlala eSt futhi ebona inkosi ku Summer Garden. Waze wenza incekukazi ka udumo inkosikazi Sasebusika ohleshulelwe iNdlovukazi Maria Alexandrovna. Unkosikazi ka-Alexander II lusizi amahemuhemu ziswebezele curling emhlabeni intombazane esakhula. Ekugcineni, Catherine waya e-Italy, ukuba abangele kungamanyala.

Kodwa u-Alexander sibucayi. Waze wathembisa inkosikazi lowo ukumshada ngokushesha nje lapho ithuba livela. Ehlobo lika-1867 efika e-Paris ngokumenywa Napoleon III. Futhi kwakhuphuka kusukela Italy Dolgoruky.

Ekugcineni, i-emperor Wazama nokuchazela umndeni wakhe, befuna ukuba lekucala Maria Alexandrovna. Indlovukazi Empress ka-Alexander II futhi inkosikazi Winter Palace, wazama ukuhambisana ukuvela futhi ungavumeli ingxabano zidlulela ngalé kokulimala yokuhlala. Nokho, indodana yakhe eyizibulo futhi indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi, behlubuka. Lokhu nje kungazange kumangaze. Ngokuzayo Alexander III kwahluka bomoya emaweni ngisho ngesikhathi esemncane kakhulu. Yena Uqalekisé uyise, futhi yena, wathukuthela.

Ekugcineni, Catherine namanje iyiswe Sasebusika futhi wazala izingane ezine le nkosi, yona ke wathola iziqu kwesikhulu yavunyelwa ngokomthetho. Lokhu kwenzeke ngemuva kokuthi unkosikazi esisemthethweni kokufa kuka-Alexander. Umngcwabo Empress Maria Alexandrovna inikwe amandla inkosi ukushada uCatherine. Wazamukela lezi isihloko Princess nesibongo Yurevskaya (nezingane zakhe). Nokho, i-emperor wajabula kafushane kule umshado.

Ukugula nokufa

Impilo Maria Alexandrovna laqedwa ngezindlela eziningi. Lena yingxenye nokubeletha, umyeni ukukopela, ekufeni kwendodana yakhe, kanye nesimo sezulu ebomvu Petersburg, lapho-German olukhulu yayingazimisele eminyakeni yokuqala ka abahambayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, waqala ukusetshenziswa, kanye ukukhathala kwemizwa. Ngokwe-izincomo siqu udokotela, owesifazane yahamba njalo ehlobo eningizimu eCrimea, lapho yayinesimo sezulu ukumsiza unqobe isifo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lona wesifazane cishe kuzo ibhizinisi. Omunye iziqephu lokugcina iqhaza empilweni yomphakathi kwakuwukuya emikhandlwini wezempi phakathi ngxabano iTurkey ngo-1878.

Eminyakeni ka-Alexander II njalo bazama nokumbulala Abavukeli futhi ekuhlaseleni. Ukuqhuma nje okukodwa kwebhomu okwenzeka ekamelweni lokudlela Winter Palace, kodwa iNdlovukazi wayegula ukuze lona wesifazane wayengenayo ngisho ukuphawule, elele isingingenisile emakamelweni ayo. Umyeni wakhe wasinda kuphela ngoba selishonile ehhovisi lakhe, kuphambene umkhuba nokudlela ngesikhathi esibekiwe. ngaphandle kokuphila ngokwesaba njalo ngenxa yokuphila umyeni wakhe amthandayo badla izinsalela ezempilo, okuyinto namanje ephethwe Maria Alexandrovna. Empress nesithombe ngaleso sikhathi yabonisa ushintsho osobala ngokubukeka kwakhe, it is zizace futhi wayefana kunalokho emthunzini wakhe, kunokuba umuntu emzimbeni.

Entwasahlobo ka-1880, ekugcineni wathatha kombhede wakhe, lapho umyeni wakhe kuhanjiswe ku Tsarskoye Selo nge Dolgorukova. Wafaka unkosikazi ukuvakashelwa yakhe eyathatha isikhathi esifushane kodwa ayikwazanga ukuyisiza, ukuze ngandlela-thile ngcono isimo sakhe. Isifo sofuba yisona sizathu esenza eshona, iNdlovukazi uMaria Alexandrovna. Biography Lona wesifazane uthi impilo yakhe yelashwa ngawo lowo nyaka, Juni 3, isitayela esisha.

isiphephelo lokugcina unkosikazi ka-Alexander II ezitholakele ku-isiko dynastic e uPetru noPawulu Cathedral. Umngcwabo Empress Maria Alexandrovna waqala ulilela umcimbi lonke lelo zwe, eyayimthanda ngobuqotho.

Alexander ngasinda kafushane inkosikazi yokuqala. Ngo-1881, washona ngemva kokuba walinyazwa ibhomu aphonswe phansi ngasezinyaweni zakhe amaphekula. Umbusi wangcwatshwa eduze Mariey Aleksandrovnoy.