Experience kusakazeka uRutherford alpha izinhlayiya (kafushane)

Ernest Rezerford - ingenye abasunguli yezimfundiso eziyisisekelo isakhiwo wangaphakathi ye-athomu. Yena usosayensi owazalelwa eNgilandi, emndenini kwabokufika waseScotland. Rutherford wayengumshumayeli ingane yesine emndenini wakhe, ngesikhathi esifanayo wazibonakalisa abanamakhono kakhulu. Umnikelo ekhethekile wayekwazi ukwenza kuyinkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela isakhiwo athomu.

imibono zokuqala mayelana nokwakheka athomu

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngaphambi owawuse ucwaningo Rutherford edumile kusakazeka-alpha izinhlayiya, evelele ngaleso sikhathi umqondo isakhiwo athomu kwaba model of Thompson. Lokhu usosayensi wayeqiniseka ukuthi icala omuhle is nombala igcwalisa wawuqeda wonke lo mqulu ye-athomu. Amaelectrons omubi icala, Thompson wacabanga, kusolakala Splashes kuwo.

Okudingeka inguquko yesayensi

Ngemva kokuqeda esikoleni, uRutherford njengoba umfundi abanamakhono kakhulu wathola ngumuntu onganikezwa £ 50 ukuze ngiyoqeqeshwa ngokwengeziwe. Ngenxa yalokhu wakwazi ukuya ekolishi e-New Zealand. Okulandelayo, intokazi isazi izivivinyo e-University of Canterbury futhi waqala sina ukufunda zemvelo noma yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Ngo-1891, 'uRutherford zabika yakhe lokuqala kwi isihloko "Izinguquko Emculweni We-izici." It yakhethwa umbono okokuqala emlandweni ukuthi i-athomu isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Khona-ke wabusa umqondo Dalton ukuthi ama-athomu kukhona indivisible emibuthanweni ngokwesayensi. Labo abaseduze Rutherford, umqondo wakhe kwabonakala ngempela udidekile ngokomqondo. Usosayensi osemncane wayenokholo njalo ukuxolisa nozakwethu wabo "Izinto." Kodwa eminyakeni engu-12 kamuva, uRutherford namanje bakwazi ukufakazela icala labo. Ngo uRutherford sathola ithuba uqhubeke nocwaningo lwakhe ngesikhathi Cavendish Laboratory eNgilandi, lapho eqala ukufunda izinqubo air ionization. Ukutholakala lokuqala uRutherford babe alpha ne-beta imisebe.

ukuzwa uRutherford

Kafushane mayelana kuvulwa ongamtshela ngakho: ngo-1912, 'uRutherford nabasizi bakhe kwadingeka experiment yakhe edumile --alpha izinhlayiya asebenza ezintweni ezivela umthombo phambili. Zonke izinhlayiya ngaphandle kwalawo avela ugxile phambili, ukuhamba kanye isiteshi isilungisiwe. isehlakalo yabo ewumngcingo stream ungqimba ezondile ucwecwe. Lo mugqa perpendicular ishidi. Experience uRutherford kusakazeka-alpha izinhlayiya wafakazela ukuthi labo izinhlayiya okuyinto idlule uyibhala ucwecwe ngokusebenzisa, ngakho esibizwa scintillation okubangelwa esikrinini.

Lokhu kwesikrini kwakusetshenziswa camera nge material ekhethekile lapho sikhanya lapho eshaywa kuyizinhlayiyana-alpha. Isikhala phakathi ungqimba igolide ucwecwe nesihenqo yagcwala vacuo-alpha izinhlayiya ayahlakazeka emoyeni. idivayisi okunjalo ukuvumele abacwaningi ukuba bagcine izinhlayiya ayahlakazeka ngokusebenzisa i-engela 150 °.

Uma ucwecwe alisetshenziswa njengoba isithiyo ugodo alpha izinhlayiya, isikrini wakha isiyingi eliqhakazile scintillations. Kodwa ngaphambi nje kokuba abeka ugodo okuvimbelayo ucwecwe lwegolide, isithombe sokucabanga kwakuhluke kakhulu. Outbreak uvele hhayi kuphela ngaphandle kwalo mbuthano, kodwa futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi we ucwecwe. Experience uRutherford kusakazeka-alpha izinhlayiya wabonisa ukuthi iningi izinhlayiya udabula ucwecwe ngaphandle kwezinguquko olubonakalayo trajectory.

Nokho, ezinye izinhlayiya baphambukile ngumuntu engela kahle esikhulu, futhi ngisho aphonswe emuva. On ngamunye 10 000 odlulayo ngokukhululekile ngokusebenzisa ungqimba izinhlayiya zegolide ucwecwe eyodwa kuphela kuphambuka ngu engela esingeqile 10 ° - njengokukhishiwe elilodwa izinhlayiya baphambukile engela.

Isizathu izinhlayiya-alpha ephambuka

Yini esicubungulwe futhi kungase kutholakale ithrekhi irekhodi uRutherford - isakhiwo ye-athomu. isikhundla okunjalo okubonisa ukuthi i-athomu akuyona imfundo eqhubekayo. Iningi izinhlayiya kudlule ngokukhululekile ngokusebenzisa ucwecwe ka-athomu elilodwa obukhulu. Futhi kusukela nenqwaba-alpha izinhlayiya cishe 8000 izikhathi kunangendlela nenqwaba electron, lona wamuva wayengeke abe nomthelela obonakalayo trajectory alpha izinhlayiya. Lokhu kungenziwa kuphela i-nucleus yama-athomu - indikimba usayizi encane, has cishe zonke mass futhi yonke kagesi ye-athomu. Ngaleso sikhathi kwaba se-physics abalulekile ukufohla British. isipiliyoni Rutherford ingenye izinyathelo ezibalulekile kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi isakhiwo wangaphakathi ye-athomu.

Okunye okutholakele etholwe ngesikhathi socwaningo ye-athomu

Lezizifundo baba ubufakazi ngqo ukuthi icala omuhle kuyi-athomu ye ungaphakathi nucleus yayo. Le ndawo ithatha isikhala esincane kakhulu ngokuqhathaniswa usayizi ubuqotho bayo. Lokhu nomqulu omncane ohlakaza u-alpha izinhlayiya uvele Cishe bekungeke. Labo izinhlayiya ababedlula eduze nucleus yama-athomu, ihlolwe ngeziphambeko abukhali dlela, ngoba amandla okunyanyekayo phakathi kuyizinhlayiyana alpha ne-nucleus yama-athomu babe esinamandla kakhulu. ucwaningo Rutherford phezu kusakazeka-alpha izinhlayiya yabonisa amathuba ukuthi kuyizinhlayiyana-alpha ku ikhenela uthola ngqo. Nokho, amathuba lalilincane kakhulu, kodwa hhayi zero.

Kwakungekhona yokuthi kuphela lufakazelwa isipiliyoni uRutherford. Kafushane wafunda isakhiwo athomu nozakwabo, owenza eziningi nezinye ezibaluleke. Ngaphezu kokufundisa ukuthi izinhlayiya-alpha kukhona elisheshayo helium nuclei.

Usosayensi wakwazi ukuchaza isakhiwo ye-athomu, lapho i-nucleus ithatha ingxenye encane ivolumu Imininingwane. ucwaningo lakhe baye bafakazela ukuthi cishe lonke icala kuyi-athomu ye bagxila ngaphakathi umongo walo. Uma lokhu kwenzeka kokubili izimo ukuphambuka alpha izinhlayiya kanye izimo zabo kusuka nucleus ukushayisana.

Ukuhlolwa imodeli Rutherford yenuzi ye-athomu

Ngo-1911, 'uRutherford emva ucwaningo oluningana baphakamise imodeli isakhiwo yama-athomu, anibizela a kwamaplanethi. Ngokulandela le-model, it is wahlela ngaphakathi core athomu equkethe bacishe bayifunda yonke kunobukhulu bendawo nezinhlayiya. Electron ukuhambahamba nucleus ngendlela efanayo njengoba ukwenza amaplanethi azungeza ilanga. Isethi wabo okuthiwa electron efwini. Atom Ubuye icala hlangothi, njengoba okuhlangenwe nakho uRutherford.

Isakhiwo athomu esikhathini esizayo of Concerned Scientists okuthiwa Niels Bohr. Nguye yacwengisisa imfundiso 'uRutherford, ngoba kuze Bohr imodeli kwamaplanethi kuyi-athomu ye waqala ukubhekana nezingqinamba incazelo. Njengoba i-electron ihamba nucleus i orbit nge ukushesha ezithile, manje noma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ke kumelwe ziwele nucleus athomu. Nokho, Niels Bohr wakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi umthetho wase-Mechanics classical angasasebenzi ngaphakathi athomu.