Swedish wemithi kaNobel u-Alfred: Biography Ukusungulwa kwe-dynamite, umsunguli uMklomelo KaNobel

Nobel Alfred - evelele usosayensi Swedish, umsunguli we-dynamite, academician wemithi experimenter Ph.D., academician, umsunguli we-Nobel Prize, eyamenza udumo emhlabeni wonke.

ebuntwaneni

Alfred Nobel, ogama Umlando womuntu ophilako isithakazelo esiqotho isizukulwane samanje, yazalwa ngo-Stockholm ngo-October 21, 1833. Wayengumuntu ungowokuzalwa wesifunda eningizimu abalimi Swedish Nobelef owawungumnyaka igama esuselwe bayaziwa kuwo wonke umhlaba. Emkhayeni, ngaphandle kwakhe, yena wazala amadodana amathathu. Ubaba Imanuweli kaNobel khona usomabhizinisi ngubani, wonakele nesibindi eyozama inhlanhla eRussia. Wathuthela e-1837 kuya Petersburg, lapho livula workshop. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-5, lapho izinto zihambe ngokushelela, wathuthela umkhaya wakhe.

I ucwaningo lokuqala wemithi Swedish

Uma eRussia, ngokushesha kaNobel u-Alfred oneminyaka engu-9 ubudala kahle isiRashiya, okuyinto ngaphezu Wayesazi isiNgisi, isiNtaliyane, isi-German nesiFulentshi. Ezemfundo umfana efika ekhaya. Ngo 1849, uyise wamyisa wayethathe uhambo oluya kuyo Melika naseYurophu, eyathatha iminyaka emibili. Alfred ukuvakashela i-Italy, Denmark, eJalimane, eFrance, America, kodwa esikhathini esiningi osemusha wachitha Paris. Elapho, wathatha inkambo esisebenzayo physics kanye ne-chemistry encwadini edumile usosayensi Jules Peluso lab, uphenyo uwoyela wavula nitrites.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi ibhizinisi Imanuweli kaNobel - umsunguli abanamakhono of self-wafundisa - ushintshiwe: isevisi isiRashiya, waba kwabacebile nabadumile, ikakhulukazi phakathi neMpi YaseCrimea. ifektri lakhe likhiqiza ezimayini eyayisetshenziswa ukuvikela inqaba Finnish Sveaborg, Kronstadt futhi itheku Revel e-Estonia. Merit kaNobel Sr. ngakhuthazwa ngendondo yasebukhosini, okuyinto, njengoba umthetho, abantu bakwamanye amazwe kungukuthi ukhishwa.

Ngemva kwempi, wayeka oda, inkampani wema lutho, abasebenzi abaningi babe esephelelwe umsebenzi. Lokhu kwenza ukuba abantu ekuhambeni Imanuweli kaNobel emuva Stockholm.

Eyokuqala ucwaningo Alfreda Nobelya

Elisabeth, kwaba Ihlobene ngokuseduze abadumile Usokhemisi waseRussia Nikolaem Zininym, Okwamanje, bacabangisise ekutadisheni izakhiwo nitroglycerin. Ngo-1863, le nsizwa wabuyela Sweden, lapho aqhubeka khona ucwaningo lwakhe. Septhemba 3, 1864 kwakukhona nhlekelele embi kangaka: ngesikhathi ucwaningo kule ukuqhuma khilogremu 100 nitroglycerine abantu eziningana zabulawa, phakathi kwabo Emil oneminyaka engu-20 ubudala - nomfowethu omncane, u-Alfred. Ngemva kwaleso senzakalo, uyise ka-Alfred buthakathaka, the last 8 iminyaka, wahlala embhedeni. Phakathi nale nkathi, Imanuweli baqhubeka bezikhandla: ngabhala izincwadi 3, lapho wenza imifanekiso. Ngo-1870, it eshukunyiswa umbuzo ukusebenzisa amanyela ukhuni umkhakha, futhi kaNobel Sr. yasungulwa ipulangwe, ukuziqambela indlela gluing usebenzisa i-pair yama amapuleti lokhuni.

Ukusungulwa kwe-dynamite

Okthoba 14, 1864 usosayensi Swedish ngakhipha patent ukuthi amvumele ukuba bahlanganyele womshini iziqhumane, ezazihlanganisa nitroglycerin esasingahlala. Alfred uNobel wasungula dynamite e 1867; ukukhiqizwa yayo usosayensi esizayo waletha ingcebo enkulu. I cindezela langaleso sikhathi wabhala ukuthi lokhu ayekutholile eyenziwe usokhemisi Swedish ngephutha: uma inqubo ukuthuthwa ibhodlela eziphukile nitroglycerin. It ezichithekile ketshezi, inhlabathi ofakwe, kuphumele i-dynamite. Alfred Nobel alimazanga version ngenhla, futhi waphoqelela ukuba uyaqaphela wahlanganyela Ukufuna izinto lapho exutshwe nitroglycerin ngabe ukwehlisa nengozi yokuqhuma. I Converter oyifunayo baba diatomaceous emhlabeni - rock, obizwa nangokuthi Tripoli.

Laboratory ukwenziwa dynamite wemithi Swedish ihlelwe phakathi echibini on isikebhe esinesinqe esibanzi sokuthwala impahla, kude izindawo ezinabantu abaningi.

Kwaze kwaphela izinyanga ezimbili ekuqaleni-up elabhorethri elintantayo anti Alfred wamletha umthengisi kusuka Stockholm uJohan Vilgelmom Smitom - Umnikazi kwezigidi ezingu eshisiwe. Nobel banxenxa Smith nezinye zimali eziningana ukuze ujoyine futhi yakha inkampani ukukhiqizwa yezimboni of nitroglycerine, okwaqala ngo-1865. Eqaphela ukuthi patent Swedish akusho ukuvikela amalungelo abo phesheya, owazuza indondo lobunikazi ungumnikazi wamalungelo akhiqize nitroglycerin ukuwudayisa emhlabeni wonke.

I ukuvula Alfreda Nobelya

Ngo-1876, emhlabeni wafunda mayelana mshini omusha kwenziwe usosayensi - "ingxube alufakwa" - ekhuthaza nitroglycerin ne collodion, has a explosiveness namandla. Eminyakeni eyalandela okutholakele ocebile nitroglycerin lihambisana nezinye izinto: ballistite - lokuqala ongenantuthu neziqhumane ke izintambo.

Nobel izithakazelo Akuzona emsebenzini kuphela izinto eziqhumayo: usosayensi yokukhanya umxhwele, electrochemistry, imithi, biology, yakhelwe ukuze uvikele boilers kanye amabhuleki othomathikhi, lizama ukukhiqiza iraba yokufakelwa, nitrocellulose futhi wafundelwa usilika yokufakelwa. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-350 patent, owamisa ilungelo Alfred Nobel: Dynamite, Detonator, ongenantuthu powder, imitha yamanzi, idivayisi lwaluyophola, barometer, isisebenzi sokwakha missile ukulwa, igesi sikaphalafini,

usosayensi izici

KaNobel u-Alfred waba ngomunye wabangu-amadoda afundile isikhathi sakhe esiningi. Usosayensi funda a lot of izincwadi ku ubunjiniyela, imithi, ifilosofi, umlando, eqanjiwe, zikhetha besikhathi sakhe: uHugo, Turgenev, Balzac futhi Maupassant, ngisho wazama ukubhala. Kwenqwaba yemisebenzi Alfred Nobel (amanoveli, imidlalo, izinkondlo) futhi engakaze ishicilelwe. Ilondolozwe Kahle ukudlala kuphela mayelana Beatrice Cenci - "Nemizida" uqede kakade befa. Lena usizi 4 izenzo zanakekelwa nobunzima yi abasontayo. Ngakho-ke, zonke olunyathelisiwe, eyakhululwa ngo ukukhanya ngo-1896, ngemva kokufa Alfred Nobel ezibhujisiwe ngaphandle amakhophi amathathu. Izwe waba nethuba simazi mkhiqizo emangalisayo ngo-2005; It kukhala kumemori usosayensi omkhulu Stockholm yesehlakalo.

Abaphila Besikhathi ukuchaza Alfred Nobel esinjengesomuntu surly, ababethanda befuna zasemadolobheni kanye inkampani ethokoza enomunyu onokuthula ukucwiliswa njalo emsebenzini. Usosayensi kwaholela indlela yokuphila enempilo, banesimo sengqondo esingaqondile ukuze ukubhema, ukuphuza nokugembula.

Ukuba ngokwanele okuphephile, owazuza indondo ziyethusa ethambekele ekwenzeni yokuphila Spartan. Ukusebenza kuma Izingxube obhubhisayo izinto, yena akawuthandi zobudlova nokubulala kumafilimu, bephethe umsebenzi omkhulu ukuba agcine ukuthula emhlabeni.

Inventions Yokuthula

Ekuqaleni iqaliswe IsiSwidi wemithi iziqhumane yasetshenziswa izinjongo zokuthula: ukwakhiwa imigwaqo nojantshi, izimayini, ukwakhiwa kwemisele nemihubhe (usebenzisa blasting). Nobel iziqhumane ngezinjongo ezempi zaqala ukusetshenziswa kuphela Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871. Usosayensi wafuna ukwakha into noma umshini ukuthi kwadingeka amandla abhubhisayo, wenze zonke izinhlobo impi engenakwenzeka. Nobel ikhokhwe congresses ethuthukisa ukuthula emhlabeni, futhi wathatha ingxenye kuzo. Wayengumuntu ilungu Paris Society of Civil Engineers, IsiSwidi Academy of Sciences, iRoyal Society of London. Kwadingeka imiklomelo eminingi, okuhlanganisa nandaba kakhulu.

Alfred Nobel: uthando ukuphila

Umsunguli omkhulu - indoda ezikhangayo - kwaba ashade futhi cha fanele ntwana. Kuvaliwe, izizwe inesizungu abantu osolisayo, wanquma ukuthola nonobhala umsizi wabekwa iphephandaba emaphazili. oneminyaka engu-33 ubudala waphendula Contessa linguBerta Sofia Felichita - ezakhiwe, ezifundile, owesifazane ngezilimi eziningi, owawungumnyaka Bespridannitsa. Wabhala kaNobel, wathola impendulo yakhe; singesihambelanayo okudale uzwela mutual nhlangothi zombili. Ngokushesha kwaba umhlangano Albert noBertha; intsha eningi ukuhamba, ukukhuluma, kanye ingxoxo kaNobel u-Bertha yabajabulisa okukhulu. Ngokushesha u-Albert wayehambe ibhizinisi, noBertha azikwazanga ukulinda eliqonde kuye, futhi wabuyela ekhaya, lapho yena wayelindele Graf Artur von Suttner - uzwela nothando impilo yakhe yonke, okuyinto waqala umndeni. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Ukuhamba Bertha analo-Alfred waba umKristu hit omkhulu, nezincwadi ezibhalelwa amabandla efudumele friendly baqhubeka kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku kaNobel.

Alfred Nobel futhi Sofi Gess

Kepha, ngokubheka impilo Alfred Nobel kwakuwuthando. Usosayensi oneminyaka engu-43 ubudala wathandana Sofi Gess oneminyaka engu-20 ubudala - umthengisi wesifazane flower esitolo, washukumisa kusukela Vienna eParis, ukuqasha ifulethi eceleni endlini futhi likuvumela ukuchitha njengoba yena ejabulisa. Sophie waba nesithakazelo imali kuphela. Beautiful futhi ngomusa "Mma kaNobel" (njengoba ibizwa yena) ngeshwa has a lazy ngaphandle imfundo ekhethekile. Akavumanga ukuhlanza ukubandakanya othisha, okuyinto yena waqasha kaNobel.

Usosayensi Ukuxhumana kanye Sofi Gess eyathatha iminyaka engu-15, kuze kube yilapho 1891 - okwamanje lapho Sophie wabeletha ingane isikhulu Hungarian. Alfred Nobel ngokuthula Sahlukana umngane abasha, ngisho wamqokela wokuqukethwe ehlonipheke kakhulu. Sophie washada uyise indodakazi yakhe, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi zahlupha Alfred izicelo okuqukethwe ukwanda, ngemva kokufa kwakhe kwaba ukugcizelela ke, esongela uma yokwenqaba ukushicilela izincwadi wakhe omkhulu. Executors, ongathandanga ukuqamba oyinhloko yabo ezidlikizekile amaphephandaba, imvume: bathenga Sophie izincwadi nama-telegram KaNobel futhi ngakhula indawo yokuhlala.

Kusukela ebuntwaneni, kaNobel Alfred libhekene ebuthaka njalo ogulayo; eminyakeni yamuva wahlushwa futhi abakhathazeki. Udokotela ebekiwe nitroglycerin usosayensi - lesi simo (uhlobo indida) bayabukana sengathi bafuna ukuhleka Alfred, ngubani wanikezela ukuphila kwakhe ukusebenza ngalolu ketshezi. Alfred Nobel umer10 Disemba 1896 villa wakhe eSan Remo kusuka haemorrhage ingqondo. Yithuna usosayensi omkhulu isendaweni emathuneni Stockholm sika.

Alfred Nobel futhi umklomelo wakhe

Ukuziqambela dynamite kaNobel kubonakala ngokusetshenziswa kwayo ekusizeni ukuthuthukiswa ekuthuthukeni kwabantu, izimpi hhayi ukuzibulala. Kodwa ushushiso Zaqala eminyakeni engaphezu enjalo okutholakele esiyingozi kwaphoqa KaNobel ukuba umqondo wokuthi kubalulekile ukuba siyekele nezinye, lokungcolisa obubaluleke kakhulu. Ngakho, umsunguli Swedish wanquma usethe ngemva kokufa kwakhe premium okuzisholo abhalwe 1895 intando, owawuthi esikhwameni wadala ngokukhethekile eshiya omningi ukuqhutshwa isimo - kwezigidi ezingu-31 kroons. Income ngokweqile uma utshala imali kufanele zabelwe unyaka ngamunye e amabhonasi kubantu owakhuphula ngonyaka odlule, inzuzo enkulu kunazo zonke esintwini. Isithakazelo ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye 5 kanye nososayensi okuhloswe owenze ukutholakala ebalulekile emkhakheni wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali, i-physics, izincwadi, imithi kanye izitho zomzimba, futhi negalelo elikhulu ukuze kugcinwe ukuthula emhlabeni.

Special ufisa Alfreda Nobelya ukuhluleka acabangele nobuzwe babantu abazobhapathizwa.

Umklomelo wokuqala u-Alfred Nobel Prize senzeka ngo 1901: kwaba se-physics Roentgen Conrad ngoba akuthola misebe ababizwa ngegama lakhe. Nobel Imiklomelo kukhona ohlonishwa kakhulu futhi udunyiswa ngokunikezwa imiklomelo international, kwaba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi zezwe nezincwadi.

Futhi emlandweni yesayensi Alfred Nobel, okuyinto isivumelwano wamshaya ososayensi abaningi ngokuphana zabo, bangena njengezivakashi owathola "kaNobel" - isici zamakhemikhali, ogama lakhe behlonipha yakhe. Igama usosayensi oluvelele Stockholm Physico-Technical Institute kanye University of laseDnepropetrovsk.