I-Gentry Corps: umqondo nencazelo

Ngokomyalelo we-Empress Anna Ioannovna eSt. Petersburg kwakhiwa isiteleka esihle. Unyaka ka-1732 kwaba yisikhathi sokuqala sokuqeqesha. Isimemezelo esifanele sakhishwa ngo-1731, ngoJuni 29. Ake siqhubeke sicabange ngalokho okushiwo ubuhle.

Unyaka we-1732

Ezigaba zokuqala zomsebenzi wesikhungo, othisha bamukeleka ngaphandle kokuhlolwa. Kusukela ngo-1736, abafundi abahle kakhulu baqala ukuhileleka ekufundiseni. Isakhiwo sezakhiwo savulwa ngo-1732, ngo-17 Febhuwari. Ngalolu suku, isikhungo samukela abafundi abangu-56. NgoJuni, kwase kuvele kakade 352. Zonke zahlukaniswa zaba izinkampani ezintathu. Ngo-1734, ngoJuni 8, ukukhishwa kokuqala kwaqhutshwa. Isakhiwo sokuqala sama-gentry sasisekhaya likaPetru Omkhulu Menshikov. Ama-Wardens, othisha, ezinye izikhulu kanye nompristi kwakuzohlala esakhiweni esifanayo. Ngo-1752, i-Naval Gentry Corps yasungulwa ngesisekelo se-Academy

Ukuqokwa

Ukusungulwa kwegumbi elihloniphekile kwakudingekile ekuqeqeshweni hhayi kuphela emasosheni, kodwa futhi nokuqeqeshwa okujwayelekile kwezemfundo. Waqeqesha bobabili amasosha kanye neziphathimandla. Leli gumbi lokuqala laseRashiya elihluke kakhulu eYurophu. Ngezigaba zokuqala, izinguquko ezihlukahlukene kanye nezinguquko zenziwa. Umnikelo obalulekile emisebenzini yesikhungo yenziwe ngu I. I. Betskaya noMnu I. Kutuzov.

I-General Education Sciences

Phakathi kwezifundo ezafundiswa esakhiweni sobuhle, kwakuyizi:

• I-Geography;
• Umlando;
• Izikhali;
• Izibalo;
• Uthango;
• Isiqinisekiso;
• Ukugibela amahhashi;
• IsiLatin, IsiJalimane, isiFulentshi
• I-rhetoric;
• I-Grammar;
• I-calligraphy;
• I-Heraldry;
• Ukudansa;
• Ukuziphatha nabanye.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakuhlelwe amakilasi nsuku zonke ngokuba "umsebenzi wesosha" - ukuphindaphinda ngokuphindaphindiwe kwekhono elithile. Kodwa-ke, kamuva kwasungulwa ukuziqhuba kanye ngesonto, ukuze bangaphazamisi ukufana nezinye izigwegwe. Izingane zezicukuthwane, ezafunda ukuloba nokufunda, zamukelwa emzimbeni, yingakho ibizwa ngokuthi yizikhulu, okungukuthi, umndeni ohloniphekile. Iminyaka yabafundi yayivela eminyakeni engu-13 kuya kweyi-18.

Inhlangano yokuqeqesha

Ibutho lezwe elihle lahlukaniswa laba izinkampani ezimbili. Kulowo nalowo kwakukhona abafundi abangu-100. Emakamelweni kwahlala abantu abangu-6-7. Omunye wabo wabekwa "umshayeli we-kamradstvo" (ophezulu). Ngaphezu kwalokho, abekwe emisebenzini kuzo zonke izidumbu (u-lieutenant and captain). Babenqatshelwe ukushiya isakhiwo. Ukusungulwa kwegumbi elihloniphekile kwakuhambisana nezinkinga ezithile. Kwakukhona uhlelo lokuqeqesha olwakhiwa yi-Minich. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi yayingaphelele. Othisha abachaze kaningi lokhu noma lokho. Ngokuyinhloko babefuna ukukhishwa ngezigaba. Okufanayo kufakwe emsebenzini wokuzimela. Inqubo yezemfundo yayisimangalisa futhi iyingqayizivele, ingasivusa intshisekelo phakathi kwabafundi. Kodwa-ke, kuye kwaba nokuzama ukwehlukanisa amakilasi ngokuletha izinto ezibukwayo. Ukuze ufundise abafundi ngezilimi zakwamanye amazwe, i-cadet, isibonelo, izihlobo, isibonelo, zaziyiJalimane, zafakwa ekamelweni eliseduze nomphathi waseRussia. Abafundi bahlukaniswe ngamaqembu okuqondisa, abawafundela. Yonke inkambo yayihlanganisa amakilasi angu-4: owokuqala wayengu-senior, no-4th-junior. Ukuqeqesha ngo-1-3 amaseli. Idlule iminyaka engu-5-6. Othole iziqu, ngokuya ekilasini afunde ngalo, wanikezwa isikhundla sezempi noma isikhundla sabantu.

Imfundo yokuziphatha

Ukuvulwa kwezidumbu ezinamafutha kwakusesikhathini sokuthunyelwa kwePeter. Abaningi othisha nabaphathi babakhumbula imilayezo eyenziwe umbusi. Ngakho-ke, badluliselwa emzimbeni ohloniphekile (gentry). Abafundi baphathwa ngokuthi "amanani aphansi". Izimfuno ezenziwe ngokumelene nabo azikwenzanga ngempela lezo ezazisetshenziselwa amasosha. Abafundi nabo bajeziswa ngokuphulwa kwemithetho nemigomo. Lesi simo saqhubeka kuze kube yilapho izwe elisezingeni eliphansi lakwa-I. I. Betskoi.

I-biography emfushane yomholi omusha

I. I. UBetskoi wayeyindodana engekho emthethweni kaTrubetskoi - isikhulu, owawela ekuthunjweni phakathi neMpi YaseNyakatho. Ngokwesiko, okwakukhona ngaleso sikhathi, ubaba wanika ingane ingxenye yegama lakhe lomndeni. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, indodana yesikhulu esidumile sathola imfundo enhle kakhulu nenhlanhla enkulu. Umsebenzi wezempi waseBetsky waqala eDenmark. Nokho, kamuva wathuthela eRussia. EMoscow, uBetsky wasungula iNtandane YokuQala Izintandane. Kusukela kulo mzuzu waqala umsebenzi wakhe njengomfundisi. UCatherine II wayevumile kakhulu umbono wakhe wokufundisa abantu "uhlobo olusha". Ngesikhathi isikhulu seqembu elihloniphekile liqokwa, uBetsky wayesevele enesipiliyoni esikhulu semfundo futhi wabheka. Ngaphandle kwekhaya le-Orphan, wayengumqondisi we-Commercial School kanye ne- Institute of Noble Maidens. UCatherine wayesekela ngokuqinile imisebenzi yakhe, ekholelwa ukuthi izingane ezinhle kufanele zifundiswe kahle, ziqeqeshelwe umsebenzi wezempi nezombutho.

Isigaba esisha somsebenzi

UBetsky wayeholwa yiqembu elihle le-cadet ngo-1765, ngoMashi 7. Kakade ngo-1766 walungisa lo Mqulu. Ngokuhambisana nale dokhumenti entsha, izinkampani zishintshwa. Ngaphansi kwe-Charter, iminyaka engu-5 yaziswa. Ngamunye wabo kwakukhona amagatsha angu-5, lapho izingane kanye nezicukuthwane zafunda khona, kanye ne-raznochintsev. Lo wesifazane kwakufanele aqeqeshe othisha. Ngaphansi kokulingana okulinganayo, kwakufanele baqeqeshelwe amaCadet. Ngakho-ke, i-Betskoi yazama ukuletha amakilasi athile eduze kwesilinganiso esithile, ukuze kugweme ukungahambisani phakathi kwabo esikhathini esizayo.

Umnyango omncane

Ezingxenyeni ezinamafutha zaqala ukuthatha abafana iminyaka emihlanu kuya kweyisithupha. Ngesikhathi ngasinye esinqunyiwe kwakufanele bafunde iminyaka emithathu, kodwa bakhishwa eminyakeni engama-20. Kodwa-ke, phakathi neminyaka engu-15 yokuhlala esikhungweni, abazali bavinjelwe ukufuna ukubuyiselwa kwengane. Noma kunjalo, kwakukhona abantu abaningi ababefuna ukunikeza inzalo yabo ekukhuliseni kwabo. Iqiniso liwukuthi izicukuthwane zaleso sikhathi azizange ziqaphele noma i-Academy of Sciences, i-Greco-Latin Academy, noma esinye isikhungo semfundo. Babecabanga ukuthi abafaneleki izingane zabo. Kodwa-ke, uBetsky waqala ukukhetha labo bafana abazali babo abalimele noma ababulewe empini, futhi babehluphekile futhi babengenakukwazi ukuthola imfundo ehloniphekile yengane yabo ngezindleko zabo. Kuyadingeka ukuthi lesi simiso sokungeniswa kwabafundi sagcinwa kamuva. Isikhathi sokuqala (esincane) sasingaphansi kokuqondiswa kwabalindi. Bahamba nabafana, banakekele impilo yabo, bajwayele izilimi eziningana, bafaka izingane ngendlela enhle. Kulo mnyango kwakukhona futhi umpristi nomdikoni. Ngaphandle kwenkonzo yesonto, baqhuba amakilasi ngaphansi komthetho kaNkulunkulu. Kwakukhona futhi othisha besiRashiya, umdanso nokudweba emnyangweni. Abafundi abancane babamba isakhiwo esihlukile.

Ubudala besibili

Kwakuhlanganisa izingane ezineminyaka engu-9-12. Abafundi babengaphansi kokuqondiswa kwabafundisi besilisa. Akufanele baphathe kabi izingane. Imisebenzi yabo yayihlanganisa ukufundisa izingane ukuba zizinakekele ngokwabo, ziphakamisa ukuthi "uthando lobuhle nokuthakazelelwa." Othisha nabaqeqeshi kwakudingeka babone amakhono abantwana, ukuthambekela kwabo nokuthambekela kwabo. Lo mbono kwakuzokwenziwa kokubili ngesikhathi sokufunda nangesikhathi sokuphumula. Lokhu kwakudingeka ukuzimisela okulandelayo kwesigaba lapho umntwana angabandakanyeka khona. Ngaphandle kokuqondiswa, isifundo esasungulwa lapho esencane, izingane ezineminyaka engu-9-12 ubudala zafundiswa umlando, ukulandelana kwezenzakalo, geography, geometry kanye nezibalo, inkolelo, ulimi lwesiSlavonic Old.

Izingane ezineminyaka engu-12-15 ubudala

Inhlangano yalo mnyango yayifana neyokuqala. Ngokusho kombono kaBetsky, ama-cadet kulesi sikhathi ayezoholela ekufezeni isiyalo, okufundwayo okwaqalwa ekuqaleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bafundiswa isiLatini, okuyisisekelo sezakhiwo zomphakathi nezamasosha, ukubalwa kwezimali. Emnyangweni wesithathu, imfundo jikelele yaqedwa.

Izikhungo ze-4 ne-5

Kule minyango isifundo nokuphila kwabafundi bashintshile. Kusukela eneminyaka engu-15, izikhulu zazibukele izingane. Kwadingeka baqinisekise ukuthi izingane azizange zichithe isikhathi ekuziphatheni. Badingeka ukuthi babhekane ngokuqinile namaCadet, kodwa bangabafaki ngesaba. Umyalo wamagatsha amane no-5 wenziwa nguLutenant-Colonel. Amaphoyisa - abasizi bakhe - bafundisa ukuqeqeshwa kwezempi kwabafundi. Phakathi kwazo kwakuyisivimkelo, ukuvikelwa nokuvinjezelwa kwezinqaba, izikhali, izimiso. Ukuqeqeshwa kwama-drill kwenziwa yizikhulu ezingekho ngaphansi kwegunya. Kusukela ngo-1775, i-chemistry ne-physics kuye kwafakwa njengezihloko eziphoqelekile. Ukuzifunda, amakamelo akhethekile ahlonywe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunakekelwa kwakhokhwa kumacala omthetho kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi, ulwazi lwesiJalimane, isiLatini (noma isiNtaliyane) nesiFulentshi lwaqina. Abafundi nabo babeqhuba ukugibela amahhashi, uthango.

Ubuciko bemidlalo

Othisha bokumemezela bamenywe ekwakheni isakhiwo. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona abaculi baseRussia (i-Plavilschikov, isibonelo), nabangaphandle. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi ubuciko bezobuciko esikhungweni sithandwa kakhulu. Yenza ngisho neNhlangano Yabathandi Bezincwadi. Umhleli walo ngu-Alexander Sumarokov, owaphothula iziqu ku-Artillery Engineering Gentry Corps ngo-1740. Ngemva kwesikhathi wayeyindoda enkulu yokubhala. Omunye wabasunguli bezemidlalo yaseshashalazini yaseRussia, uFedor Volkov, naye wayengumfundi wezidumbu futhi wayeyilungu leSomarokov Society.

Izivivinyo

Babanjwa njalo ezinyangeni ezine. Ekupheleni konyaka kwaba ukuhlolwa kokugcina. Kwabanjelwa esidlangalaleni phambi kobukhosi, noma izikhonzi, izikhulu, izicukuthwane ezingokomoya, izombusazwe. Ngokulandelayo, i-oda lashintshwa. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlola okuphakathi kuka-2 kuphela ngonyaka okwenziwa ngoMashi noSeptemba. Kwakukhona omunye wama-senators, abanye abaprofesa nabafundisi. Ngesiyalo ngasinye, amaphuzu amaningi kanye namancane amisiwe - kusuka ku-1/8 kuya ku-128. Isibonelo, "incwadi yesiRashiya" umfundi angathola kusukela ku-1/8 kuya ku-2, uhlelo lolimi - kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-96, isibalo-sokuqala - kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-32 Ngakho-ke. Ngemva kokulethwa kwazo zonke izinto, amaphuzu ayengeziwe. Umphumela waboniswa abafundi abahamba phambili. Banikezwa izindondo, izincwadi ezahlukene, izitsha zokudweba. Zonke izimpumelelo nemiklomelo zangena efomini. Zacatshangelwa ekusatshalaliseni ngemuva kokuphothula iziqu.

Amaqiniso anentshisekelo

Esakhiweni sezintambo, "udonga okhulumayo" wadalwa. Kubhala ama-aphorisms ahlukahlukene, imicabango yabantu basendulo. Ngemva kokuphela kwamakilasi, u-Earl Anhalt, ehamba nabafundi epaki, wachaza incazelo ebhaliwe, exoxwa neCadets, ezama ukuqiniseka ukuthi awakhumbuli nje kuphela, kodwa abuye aqonde incazelo yamazwi. Lesi sikhungo sabuye saqoqa umtapo omkhulu wezincwadi zakwamanye amazwe nezasekhaya. Lesi sakhiwo sasinegadi yayo yezitshalo. Kwakukhona izitshalo hhayi kuphela eRussia, kodwa nakwamanye amazwe amaningi. Okubaluleke ngokukhethekile ekukhulisweni kwakuyizingxoxo zomuntu siqu eziyinhloko kanye nezinsizwa. Abafundi abaqeqeshwe kahle iBetskoi, futhi kamuva u-Anhalt wamenyiwe ekhaya lakhe itiye. Ama-cadet amancane avakashela uCatherine II.

Ukukhubazeka kokufunda

Kuyadingeka ukuthi iminyaka engu-15 iziboshwa zase zihlala ezimweni ze-hothouse. Ngenxa yalokho, empeleni baqedwa empeleni. Abantu abasha, sebeye bathola imfundo ephakeme kakhulu futhi bakhuliswa, babhekana nezimo ezinzima zaseRussia. Ngokuvamile belahlekile, bengazi ukuthi bangasebenzisa kanjani konke okufundiswe iminyaka eminingi kangaka. Naphezu kokuthi phakathi kwabaphothulile kwakukhona izikhulu eziningi, izikhulu, abaholi bamazwe, iningi labo lashiya inkonzo, libuyela ezindaweni zabo.

Directorate Kutuzov

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XVIII, izenzakalo ngaphandle kweRussia zazihle kakhulu. Ngaleso sikhathi, inkazimulo yempi kaNapoleon, ekhanyisa emkhankasweni eYurophu, yafinyelela phezulu. Abaningi eRussia baqonda ukuthi isikhathi sizofika lapho iRussia nayo izodinga ukuvikela imingcele yayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, leli zwe lalidinga izikhulu eziqeqeshiwe neziqeqeshiwe ezinamandla okuhola amasosha. Iqembu elihle elijwayele ukuthandwa ngaleso sikhathi lixazulula le nkinga kuphela. Ngo-1794, uMutuzov weza esikhundleni sokufa kuka-Count Anhalt (umlandeli weBetsky). Waqala umsebenzi wakhe ngokuhlelwa kabusha kwesikhungo. Esikhundleni seminyaka emihlanu, ama-Musketeers amane kanye nenkampani eyodwa ye-grenadier yaziswa. Kulowo nalowo kwakukhona abafundi abangu-96. Emnyangweni wezingane, izikhathi zokuqeqesha zakhanselwa. U-Kutuzov wayekholelwa ukuthi amasosha aqinile kakhulu, aphile kahle angathola ulwazi futhi asebenze empini. Kule ndaba, emnyangweni omncane, abafana babenomsindo ngesikhathi sokuhamba, imidlalo yokusebenza yangaphandle kuzo zonke izimo zezulu nsuku zonke.

Isiyalo

Ukudalwa kwegumbi elihloniphekile lakhulelwa kuqala ekulungiseni abantu ngezindlela ezimbili - ezempi kanye nezomphakathi. Nokho, emva kwesikhathi isimo sashintsha. Phakathi nenkathi ye-Directorate ye-Kutuzov, isifundo sezesayensi yezempi sathola umlingisi osebenzayo ocacile. Amakilasi eminyango ephakeme ahlehliselwa izinyanga ezimbili emakamu. Kamuva, baba yindabuko kwezinye izikhungo zemfundo yezempi. Ezikhathini zasehlobo abafundi bavuka ngo-6 ekuseni ngodonga. Isibonakaliso esifanayo sisetshenziselwa ukumemezela ukuqala nokuphela kwamakilasi, ukudla kwasemini, kwasekuseni, isidlo sakusihlwa. Ikamu lenza amasu ahlukahlukene, aqhutshwa amakilasi okudubula izikhali nezikhali. Abafundi bafunde ukwenza imidwebo yezwe, basebenze ngamamephu, baqaphele izimpawu ezihlukene, bakha kabusha ngomyalo. Ngesikhathi sabo samahhala, ama-cadet ayebandakanya ukuqeqeshwa ngokomzimba, ukubhukuda, ukushisa i-sunbathing. Abafundi abaphumelelayo babekwe njengesibonelo. Kutuzov waphawula imiyalo yabo. Labo abangenaso isikhathi esihle ekuqondiseni, kwakudingeka bafunde izifundo ngesikhathi sonke. Kutuzov azisebenzisi izindlela kuphela zokukholisa, kodwa ukuphoqelela.

Inhlangano entsha yenqubo yezemfundo

Ngesikhathi sobuholi be-Kutuzov, uhlelo olusekelwe ekilasini lwasungulwa. Amaqembu aqala ukuhlanganisa abafundi cishe ezingeni elifanayo lolwazi kanye nobudala. Ukudluliselwa ebangeni elilandelayo kwakusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlolwa okuphumelelayo ngezihloko ezithile. Isikhungo senze ukushisa ehlobo nasebusika. Iminyaka eminingi ekilasini lakhula laba umndeni onobunye. Lo mqondo wokuzibandakanya wabonakala ekusebenzeni okuqhubekayo. Lapho kunikwa ama-cadets ngemva kokuphothula iziqu, kwakunqunyelwe ukuba iqondiswe ngokungakhethi.

Isiphetho

Ekuzijwayeleni kokuqala nabafundi, Kutuzov uthe uzobaphatha njengamasosha, hhayi njengezingane. Leli gama laphazamisa. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kokukhululwa, ethi kubo bonke abantu, bathi nakuba bengamthandi ekuqaleni ekuqaleni amazwi akhe, ubafisa ngobuqotho injabulo futhi bayothola kakhulu uthando lwabo ngabo ngokuhlonishwa, udumo kanye Ukuzinikela e-Babaland. Kutuzov wakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningi emfundweni nasekuqeqesheni izikhulu zesikhathi esizayo. Waqhubeka nomsebenzi oyinhloko wokuqeqesha abaqeqeshi abaqeqeshiwe, abanekhono labagibeli bamahhashi namagumbi okuhamba ngezinyawo abangakwazi ukubhekana nokuhlangenwe nakho kwezempi okuqoqiwe kanye namandla ebutho likaNapoleon. Ngemva kwalokho, abafundi bakaTuzouzov bazibonakalisa ngokuphelele empini kulePatricia War of 1812