Yenzani ukuthi inqubomgomo yokunyuka emkhakheni wezomnotho isho ukuthini? Ukuvuselelwa komasiko kuma-50 no-60

Ngo-Mashi 5, 1953, isenzakalo sashintsha kakhulu inkambo ye-USSR yangaphandle nenqubomgomo yasekhaya. I. U-Stalin wafa. Ngalesi sikhathi, izindlela ezicindezelayo zokulawula izwe sezivele ziphelile ngokwabo, ngakho-ke abaholi beStalinist badinga ngokuphuthumayo ukwenza izinguquko ezithile ezihlose ukuthuthukisa umnotho nokusebenzisa izinguquko zomphakathi. Lesi sikhathi saziwa ngokuthi i-thaw. Lokho umgomo wokugxila emkhakheni wezomnotho wawusho ukuthi , yiziphi amagama amasha avela emphakathini wamasiko wezwe, ungafunda kulesi sihloko.

I-XX Congress ye-CPSU

Ngo-1955, ngemva kokumiswa kukaMalenkov, inhloko yeSoviet Union yaba uNicita Khrushchev. NgoFebruwari 1956, e-Twentyth Congress of the CPSU, inkulumo yakhe edumile mayelana nehlelo lobuhlanga lazwakala. Emva kwalokho, igunya lomholi omusha laqina ngokuqinile, naphezu kokuphikiswa kwamaprotheni kaStalin.

I-Twentieth Congress yaqala izinhlelo zokulungisa izinguquko ezweni lethu, ivuselela inqubo yokuguqulwa kwamasiko emphakathini. Lokho umgomo wokugxila empilweni engokomoya nokubhala yabantu, kusho ukuthi umuntu angafunda ezincwadini ezintsha namanoveli ashicilelwe ngaleso sikhathi.

Izombangazwe zihamba ngezincwadi

Ngo-1957, ukushicilelwa komsebenzi odumile kaB. Pasternak "Udokotela Zhivago" washicilelwa phesheya. Naphezu kokuthi lo msebenzi awuvinjelwe, usakazeka ezincwadini ezinkulu kumakhophi ashicilelwe, ezenziwe kumakhophi omshini. Ukufa okufanayo kwaqondana nemisebenzi kaMnu Bulgakov, V. Grossman nabanye abalobi besikhathi.

Ukushicilelwa komsebenzi odumile ka-A. Solzhenitsyn "Usuku olulodwa luka-Ivan Denisovich" lubonisa. Indaba, echaza isimiso esibi sekamu likaStalin, ososayensi omkhulu wezopolitiki uSuslov wenqaba ngokushesha. Kodwa umhleli womagazini othi "iNew World" wakwazi ukukhombisa indaba uSerzhenitsyn ngokwakhe uNkk Khrushchev, okwathi ngemva kwalokho yanikwa imvume yokushicilela.

Imisebenzi eveza ukucindezelwa kukaStalin, ithola abafundi bayo.

Ikhono lokudlulisela imibono yabo kubafundi, ukushicilela imisebenzi yabo naphezu kokucwaninga kanye nemibuso kahulumeni - yilokho okushiwo inqubomgomo yokunyuka emkhakheni wezomoya kanye nezincwadi zaleso sikhathi.

Ukuvuselelwa kwezemidlalo kanye ne-cinema

Eminyakeni yama-50 no-60 yeshashalazi ibhekene nokuzalwa kwesibili. Mayelana nalokho inqubomgomo yokugxila emkhakheni wezomnotho kanye nobuciko bezobuciko, kusho ukuthi umhlahlandlela omuhle wezithombe eziphambili phakathi nekhulu kuzokutshela. Imikhiqizo emayelana nabasebenzi kanye nabalimi abaqoqiwe abaye bangena ekugqibeleni, i-repertoire ye-classic kanye nemisebenzi yama-1920 ibuyele esiteji. Kodwa isitayela sethimba lomsebenzi sasisenhloko emidlalo yaseshashalazini, futhi izikhala zokuphatha zaphathwa yizikhulu ezingenakukwazi ukufunda nokubhala. Ngenxa yalezi zinhlelo eziningi azibonanga ababukeli bazo: imidlalo yeMeyerhold, i-Vampilov nabanye abaningi bahlala belele phansi kwendwangu.

Umswakama wawunomphumela omuhle ekwenzeni ifilimu. Amafilimu amaningi ngaleso sikhathi ayaziwa kakhulu kakhulu kwezwe lethu. Imisebenzi enjengokuthi "I-Cranes Are Flying", "Ivan's Childhood", yathola imiklomelo ehlonishwayo yamazwe ngamazwe. I-cinematography yaseSoviet ibuyele ezweni lethu isimo sembonini yefilimu, elahlekile kusukela ezinsukwini zika-Eisenstein.

Ukushushiswa Kwezenkolo

Ukunciphisa ukucindezelwa kwezombangazwe ezicini ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kwabantu akuzange kuthinte inqubomgomo yenkolo kahulumeni. Ukushushiswa kwabafundi benkolo nabangokwenkolo kwanda. U-Khrushchev yena ngokwakhe wayengumqalisi wenkampani ephikisana nenkolo. Esikhundleni sokubhujiswa kwangempela kwamakholwa kanye nezinkolo zenkolo ehlukahlukene, ukuhlekwa usulu nokudonswa kwamacala okubandlululwa kwezenkolo kwasetshenziswa. Ngokuyinhloko, konke okwakushiwo umgomo wokugcoba okushiwo empilweni engokomoya yamakholwa kwahliswa "ekufundiseni kabusha" nokulahlwa.

Imiphumela

Ngeshwa, inkathi yokuchuma kwamasiko ayizange ihlale isikhathi eside. Indawo yokugcina emthonjeni kwakuyisenzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando sika-1962 - ukubhujiswa kombukiso wezobuciko eManezh. Naphezu kokunciphisa inkululeko eSoviet Union, ukubuyela ezikhathini ezimnyama zaseStalinist akuzange kwenzeke. Lokho umgomo wokukhipha emkhakheni wezomnotho wesakhamuzi ngasinye washo ukuthi, ungachazwa ngokuzwa umoya wenguquko, indima eyancipha yokuqwashisa kwabantu, nokufaka isicelo kumuntu njengomuntu ohlukile onelungelo lokubuka imibono yakhe.