Okolnichie yisigaba se-Boyar Duma

I-Okolnichie yikhundla senkantolo nesigodlo emashumini ama-13 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18. Laba babantu abasondelene nenkosana emva kwamakhanda. Ekuqaleni, kwakunabambalwa babo abazungezwe umbusi, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukubaluleka kwabo kanye nesisindo sezombangazwe sanda, kangangokuthi amakhulu eminyaka babhekwa njengabacebisi kanye nabasizi ezikhulwini, futhi emva kwalokho amakhosi.

Izici zenkathi

Esikhathini esidlule saseRussia esizungeze izikhulu lapho kwakunomsebenzi wonke wabasebenzi, abacebisi nabasizi, ababizwa ngokuthi igama elilodwa "abantu abendlu". Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona izingqimba eziningana: phezulu kwakuyizinhlanzi, okolnichie kanye nezinduna zeDuma. Owokuqala wavela ezizalweni ezinhle futhi wenza ubuhle obukhulu. Kungaba ukusekelwa okuthembekile kombusi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yemvelaphi yabo ehloniphekile, babevame ukungathokozi nokuvinjelwa kwamandla nemithonya yabo, ngakho-ke ngezinye izikhathi baba ngokumelene nenkosi yabo. Ngalokhu, umfana we-boyar wayesekela ngokuthembekile ngokwengeziwe kunkosikazi: njengoba nje eseduze naye, yena, nakuba engaziwa phansi, wayexhomeke kakhulu kumbusi kunama-generals boyars. Izikhulu zeDuma nazo zakha ukwesekwa kwezikhulu namakhosi, kodwa zazingaphansi kakhulu kune-okolnichie.

Isikhathi

Okolnichie ngabantu abenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene enkantolo. Imvelaphi yalesi sihloko cishe ihlotshaniswa negama elithi "mayelana" futhi lisho abantu abahlala besondelene nabaphathi. Ukukhulunywa kokuqala kwalesi sikhundla kubuyele ekupheleni kwekhulu le-13. Lokhu okuthunyelwe kwasakazwa ngokuyinhloko eMoscow. INdodana uSimeon Ivanovich ogama lakhe linguProud likhuluma ngalezi zivumelwano enkonzweni yakhe edumile nabafowabo, eyakha ngo-1348. Ekuqaleni, kwakunabantu abambalwa kakhulu (abantu abathathu kuya kwabahlanu).

Imisebenzi

Ngokusobala, isikhathi esithile ngemuva kokuvela kwalokhu okuthunyelwe, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi okolnichie - laba ngabantu abenza imisebenzi yemikhosi, okungukuthi, bahlela ama-reception, imikhosi, futhi bakhonza nezinkosana namakhosi ekuhambeni kwabo, bezakhele izindawo zokupaka izindawo (okubizwa ngokuthi amakamu) , Futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, bahlanganyela ekwamukelweni kwezinxusa zamanye amazwe kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.

Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umsebenzi wabo wanda, futhi laba bantu baqokwa ukuba babe nezikhundla ezithintekayo: isibonelo, babevame ukuba abaphathi bemigomo, ababusi bezifundazwe noma abaholi bemithetho. Inombolo yabo enkantolo yase-princely yakhula kancane kancane, yayibonakala kakhulu ngaphansi kuka-Ivan III no-Ivan the Terrible. Kodwa ikakhulukazi lo mkhuba uvele wazibonakalisa ne-Romanovs yokuqala. Mhlawumbe, ngalesosikhathi lesi sikhundla saba seduze nabaphathi. Igumbi noma eduze kwe-okolnichie - laba bangabeluleki abaseduze kakhulu be-tsar, abaphethe ithonya labo ngisho nokudlula lezi zinhlanzi. Kwakunabantu abambalwa, kodwa ithonya labo livame ukuthonya isinqumo senkosi.

I-Boyar Duma

Kwakuwumkhandlu oqhubekayo ngaphansi kwezikhulu namakhosi. Ngokwezindleko zakhe kwakuyizindaba eziphathelene nezomnotho, ezokuphatha nezempi. Ukwakhiwa kweDuma Boyar kuhlanganisa okolnichie kanye nama-boyars, abahlonishwayo beDuma nabamabhalane. Isikhundla sabo kulo mzimba kahulumeni sasibaluleke kakhulu, njengoba bevame ukufundiswa ukuhoxisa imijondolo emikhankaso, ukubamba izikhundla zabaphathi. Indima yalesi sakhiwo sokuphatha ikhuphuke ikakhulukazi phakathi nekhulu le-16, lapho uhlelo lokuphatha oluhlelekile olusekelwe emiyalweni lwalusungulwa ekugcineni kombuso waseMoscow. Ngakho-ke, inani labantu abahlala kulokhu kuthunyelwe landa.

Okushoyo

Lesi sikhundla sagcina sasihlukaniswa saba yiqembu elihlukile ekhulwini le-16. Khona-ke ama-boyars aqala ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili: owokuqala, eduze nesikhulu, owesibili wathola isikhundla se-okolnichy futhi wathatha isikhundla esiphansi ngokuphathelene nesigaba sokuqala. Ngokomlando wesazi-mlando esidumile uKlyuchevsky, owafunda ngokuningiliziwe ukwakheka kwe-Boyar Duma, i-okolnichie ngokuyinhloko yayinokuhlonishwa okungaziwa. Ngokusemthethweni, lesi sigaba sasihlanganisa ama-antiars aseMoscow asetshenziswe ekhulwini le-14, kodwa akwazi ukugcina isikhundla sakhe emakhulwini eminyaka alandelayo, lapho kuqhutshwa ukuhlonishwa okusha okuvela kubabusi bangaphambili, okwakuthatha isikhundla esiphambili emkhandlwini waseMoscow.

Ukuqedwa

Ama-boyars ahlelekile ahlehlisiwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18 emva kokuthi uPeter ngishicilele "Ithebula Lezinhluzane" ezidumile. Umgomo oyinhloko wezinhlinzeko zakhe kwakuwukubusa komuntu siqu, okwakumemezela ukugqugquzelwa, naphezu kwezinga lobuhle noma lobuhle. Lokhu, ngokuyisisekelo, washintsha yonke uhlelo lokubusa kokubili ohlelweni lwezempi kanye nezokwehlulela, okwathi futhi lushintsha isakhiwo senhlalo yomphakathi waseRussia. Ngokuyinhloko, isikhundla se-okolnichy futhi sasikhuluma ngesimiso somsebenzi womuntu siqu enkonzweni. Ngemuva kwalokho, abantu ababephethe lokhu okuthunyelwe babencane kakhulu kunalokho, ngokwesibonelo, ama-boyars, ayevame ukukhethwa amakhosi aseMoscow avela emindenini yasendulo emikhulu yamaRurikovichs noma iGediminovichs. Ngakho-ke, isikhundla se-okolnichy satholakala ngenxa yamakhono noma izimfanelo zomuntu siqu. Kodwa-ke, isimiso sobuhle sasisengaphambili lapha, ngoba kuphela abantu basezindaweni ezihloniphekile abafake isicelo salendawo, kanti abalandeli bakaDuma, ngokwesibonelo, babevame ukuba nabantu abavela emkhakheni owodwa abaphumelela ngenxa yamakhono abo kanye nekhono labo lokuqhuba ibhizinisi.