Amatshe aseRosetta - isihluthulelo semfihlakalo yaseGibhithe

I-Egyptology, eyayiqala ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, ekuqaleni yayisekelwe ku-bombast yabososayensi abavelele kanye nabokuqala, kodwa imibono engaqinisekisiwe yabacwaningi abasha. IGibhithe, ama-hieroglyphs awo awazange avumele ukucacisa, agwetshwe futhi esabisa ngemfihlakalo yakhe. Ngempela, i-Egyptologia yaqala ukuthuthukisa kuphela emva kokuba isihluthulelo sehlele ezandleni zesosayensi, Ukucacisa ama-hieroglyphs aseGibhithe. Amatshe e-Rosetta - lena kwakuyigama lesikhathi eside esilindelwe - sinomlando wayo, cishe umculi.

Konke kwaqala ngomsebenzi umfilosofi omkhulu kanye nesazi seLeibniz abhalela uLouis XIV. Njengoba engasiyena ososayensi kuphela, kodwa futhi nozombusazwe, uLeibniz wazama ukuguqula inkosi yaseFrance evela eJalimane yakubo. Umsebenzi wakhe wanikezelwa eGibithe, wawubiza ngokuthi "isihluthulelo seYurophu." Ebhalwa ngo-1672, i-Leibniz yafundwa enye inkosi yaseFrance engaphezu kweminyaka eyikhulu kamuva. Umqondo wososayensi wathanda uMbusi Napoleon, futhi ngo-1799 wathumela imoto yezempi eGibhithe ngenhloso yokubhubhisa izinyunyana zase-England ezazihlala ngaleso sikhathi emapiramidi. Izikebhe zaseFrance zahlanganiswa ososayensi ababenesithakazelo empucuko yasendulo yaseGibhithe.

IGibhithe yahlala ngaphansi kweFrance iminyaka emithathu. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, ososayensi sebeqoqe iqoqo elicebile lemishini yaseGibhithe lasendulo, kodwa izimfihlo zempucuko njengoba ngaphambili I-Mu ivaliwe ngamalokhi ayisikhombisa. Isihluthulelo kuzo zonke lezi zikhiya kwakuyiRosetta Stone. Uthole ilungu lohambo lukaBouchard ngenkathi ukwakhiwa kwebutho lempi iSt. Julien. I-fort yasungulwa eduze kwedolobha laseRosetta, lapho kwakhiwa khona itshe. Ehlukunyezwa ngo-1801, amaFulentshi asuka eGibhithe, ethatha nazo zonke izinombolo ezifunyenwe. Khona-ke iqoqo lafika eNgilandi, lapho laba khona isisekelo somnyango waseGibhithe waseBrithani.

Yayiyini itshe leRosetta? Kwakuyi-monolith ye-basalt emnyama ngemibhalo eqoshiwe kuso. Kamuva kwavela ukuthi itshe liqukethe izinguqulo ezintathu zombhalo, obhalwe ngezilimi ezintathu. Umbhalo wawuwumthetho wabapristi bomuzi waseMemphis, lapho ubupristi babonga uFaro Ptolemy V futhi bamnika amalungelo okuhlonipha. Isiqalo sokuqala salo myalelo sabhalwa ama-hieroglyphs aseGibhithe, futhi ukubhaliswa kwesithathu kwaba ukuhunyushwa kwesimiso esifanayo nesiGreki. Uma kuqhathaniswa nale mibhalo, ososayensi bahlobanisa ama-hieroglyphs anama-alfabhethi esiGreki, ngaleyo ndlela bathola isihluthulelo kulowo wonke umbhalo oqoshiwe waseGibhithe wasendulo. Ukubhalwe okwesithathu kwenzelwa izibonakaliso zesimo esibucayi - ukubhala okubukhali kolwimi lwesiGreki lasendulo.

I-Rosetta ngamatshe yacwaningwa ososayensi abaningi. Owokuqala ukuchaza imibhalo yetshe kwakungu-orientalist waseFrance waseSasi, futhi isazi sesazi saseSweden u-Okerblad waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe. Into eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kwakuwukufunda ingxenye ye-hieroglyphic yokubhaliswa, ngoba imfihlo yalelo ncwadi yayilahlekile ngisho nasenkathini yamaRoma yasendulo. Ukuqala ukucacisa ama-hieroglyphs angamaNgisi, uMnuz Young, kodwa ukuze afinyelele impumelelo ephelele, uMnuz French Champollion waphumelela. Wabonisa ukuthi uhlelo lwe-hieroglyphic ngokuyinhloko luqukethe izibonakaliso zefoni ne-alphabetic. Phakathi nempilo yakhe emfushane lo usosayensi wakwazi ukuhlanganisa isichazamazwi esikhulu solimi lwaseGibhithe wasendulo futhi ukwakha imithetho yalo yolimi. Ngakho-ke, indima yeRosetta Stone ekuthuthukiseni kweGibhithe yayiyiqiniso ngempela.