Abantu eqaphelekayo - ayini? abantu eqaphelekayo kwekhulu le-19

Namuhla, umqondo wegama elithi "abantu yizicukuthwane" isibe historicism. Futhi uma kwaba lunqume e isiphetho umuntu. Lokhu kusiza ukuba sifinyelele eziphakeme isimo ukuthola ocebile ilobolo, impumelelo, ingcebo nokuhlonipha abanye.

Esizoyicabangela kulesi sihloko iDemo, ababe abantu zasebukhosini. Iziphi izinzuzo kakhulu ababenalo? Imiphi imithwalo yemfanelo nhlo bekulokhu kunabantu esiphawulekayo? Futhi siphendukela umlando Russia kwekhulu le-19.

Igama elithi "abazalwa yizicukuthwane"

Abantu bebelokhu iphathwa ezinye izigaba zomphakathi. Ubani nabizelwa omuhle kangaka? izichazamazwi zanamuhla zichaza incazelo ezahlukene izwi. Kukhona incazelo zomlando yangaleso sikhathi. Kusukela umbono komlando, lingelikaJehova umndeni ahlukile. Yesimanjemanje has yini ukuba lesi sizwe, ezazidume ngokutshala kokufaneleka yabo (isichazamazwi-SI Ozhegova futhi DN Ushakov).

Yiqiniso, sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo okushiwo lokuqala igama elithi "abazalwa yizicukuthwane". Abantu ubani ungafaka isicelo lo mqondo - uhlobo umphakathi elite. Isici ehlukile kuyilungelo lawo ukuze uthumele impumelelo yabo ngofuzo. Ngakho, izingane ifa hhayi kuphela impahla usizi olungapheli kubazali, kodwa futhi izihloko zabo, ngamanye amazwi, imisebenzi yezenhlalakahle ilungelo ukuzisebenzisa.

kanjani ukwazi?

Stratum yabakhulu kwamiswa Kudala imiphakathi lasendulo, ukuhlinzeka usithonye kubaphathi isimo. Yena agcinwayo ukubaluleka kwayo Ephakathi, awubange usayithola kuphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Umphakathi wanamuhla ayisekho uyayazisa Izicukuthwane njengasekuqaleni (nakuba aristocrats entshonalanga agcinwayo iziqu zabo kanye ezinhlwini). Lokhu isimo ngenxa yokuthi namuhla ibalulekile hhayi afanelwe okhokho umuntu, futhi ngokusuka kuyo siqu futhi ikhono ukuthatha isikhundla esiphakeme emphakathini.

A Umuntu othile wozalo lwasebukhosini e engu-monarchism

I izimbali eliphezulu kakhulu ahlukile safinyelela ngesikhathi lapho sebebuswa inkosi kwakwandile isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona. Lapho izwe lavela Republic, kulapho amandla Izicukuthwane baqala ukuncipha abantu abakhuluma kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi le nkosi kuyisipho indoda ephakeme esimweni, kuba nguye wohlanga olukhulu wokuqala kuleli zwe.

Ngesisekelo umqondo kobukhosi kanye ukuhlonipheka ubuqhawe embonweni wokuthi i amalungelo isimo abantu abakhethiwe, ogcotshiweyo kaNkulunkulu, okuyinto uNkulunkulu asiphathise ukuphatha. Ezicukuthwaneni, ukuzivocavoca ukuphathwa nokwengamela umsebenzi abantu abavamile, bona balidlulisele ezinganeni izingane zakho, indlela okhethweni efanayo. Phela, nabo wakhetha uJehova, wabavumela ukuba azalwe emkhayeni elikhazimulayo zasebukhosini.

By the way, kunqunywa ukwazi izici ezahlukene emazweni ahlukene aseYurophu futhi Russia. Kwakuyisikhathi alamandla empi, ikhono ukuze uyikhonze ngokwethembeka nkosi yakhe, ingcebo yezinto ezibonakalayo nokunye. Imali Izicukuthwane kancane kancane lwaludlula konke okunye, futhi ekuqaleni inkathi ubudlelwane kosozimali waqala iyigugu ngaphezu kwabo bonke izinhlobo iziqu namabizo wobukhosi.

Wohlanga olukhulu eRussia ngekhulu le-19

Bangobani, nabakhulu kwekhulu le-19? izikhulu Russian lahlukaniswa laba izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: yangasese futhi sitholwa njengefa. Lokho yesibili ukwazi isikhathi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa wonke edumile imikhaya Russian ahlukile, abanye babo waqhubeka ngomlando wabo kusukela Rurik (izikhulu ubudala), futhi ingxenye sivikele amachwane alo antekenteke Petra Velikogo (izikhulu langempela).

Emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, womabili la maqembu elite ayemelene nomunye. On izikhulu njengoba uhlelo serviceman wathembela Petr Veliky, njengoba waqhathanisa esigabeni sakhe lazy futhi shí ngokuxabana kanye nezakhiwo elidala Izicukuthwane Russian. Nokho, konke kwashintsha nge wokubusa uCatherine Omkhulu, ngubani enyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi, inkululeko anikezwe ezizungeze indawo yethu wekuvana Russia, bamkhulula kusuka inkonzo ephoqelelwe ukuba isimo. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ngaqala isigaba esisha emlandweni izikhulu Russian, okwaphela nge kwezenzakalo ezibuhlungu zangalolo Februwari futhi Okthoba 1917.

umndeni Russian yizicukuthwane kwekhulu le-19

Ekhulwini le-19 Izicukuthwane Russian langena, ukubonisa nje 1.2% abantu sebebonke ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso. Babengabameleli izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, okuyinto zingahlukaniswa zibe amaqembu amaningana.

1. Stolbovoye nezicukuthwane lasendulo - the stratum endala yabakhulu. Kuhlanganisa inzalo ka Rurik nezikhulu ezinkulu nezindlalifa izinduna Golden ngubani kwi service Russian. Amagama laba bantu zalotshwa encwadini ekhethekile - amakholomu, kungakho umsuka wegama elithi.
2. abantu eqaphelekayo nezihloko. Le ngxenye Izicukuthwane kungaba ozibongayo isikhulu, Bala, izihloko baronial pha okhokho babo ngoba kokufaneleka ekhethekile lizwe futhi ezimele.
3. Izicukuthwane Ukubambezeleka izikhulu zitholwa ukuthola okhokho babo ekhethekile patent kokufaneleka inkonzo yezempi noma civil ngempumelelo.
4. izikhulu Foreign, ezazihlanganisa abameleli Izicukuthwane exhunywe uthi Russian kanye nezifunda (Georgia, Ossetia Armenia, njll).
5. netikhulu Personal, wathola isimo amasevisi ekhethekile, kodwa abakwazi balidlulisele ezinganeni izindlalifa zabo.

Izinzuzo esetshenziswa wohlanga olukhulu

Yini impahla okungewakho ezicukuthwaneni? Ababekwazi ukulikhokhela? Enye NJENGOBA Pushkin wabhala ukuthi eRussia lezwakala ilungelo impahla kanye nenkululeko ekhethekile phakathi izinzuzo main abakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abazalwa yizicukuthwane babethola ngumnikazi izimpahla eziningi ezilandelayo uhlamvu:

• izigodi nasemizaneni ugcwale serfs imiphefumulo (serfs babengavunyelwe ukubulala at intando yomnikazi, kanye ukuzidayisa ngokuhlukile yakubo);
• izindlu emadolobheni kanye nezinye ingcebo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu nelungelo iye lula kakhulu ngomyalo ibhizinisi, babekwazi ukuthola imfundo ephakeme, ziye akhululwe enkonzweni yezempi (kuze 1874), kodwa uma ufuna labakhonta esima has izikhulu (njengoba kuqhathaniswa nabantu abavamile ukuthi wagijima engu-25 wayibhinca izinsizwa), njll

Ngakho, njengoba sibona ukuhlonipheka umsuka ngaphambi isikhathi esithile ezweni lethu nasemhlabeni wonke kusho lukhulu. A Umuntu othile wozalo lwasebukhosini kwakuphakeme ontanga yabo emakilasini lula futhi athole izibusiso zokuphila, zazo abantu abavamile kuphela baphupha.