Dmitry Cantemir, sikahulumeni baseMoldova futhi Russian futhi isazi. Biography, umndeni, izingane

Lo muntu ongaphezu kovamile, umhlobo kaPetru mina sikahulumeni oluvelele, negalelo elikhulu empucukweni emhlabeni njengoba umlobi, isazi-mlando, isazi sefilosofi Orientalist. Ilungu le-Berlin Academy ngo-1714, yena emibhalweni yakhe, imakwe aphuma zesikole medieval ecabanga izindlela zanamuhla okunengqondo. Igama lakhe - Dmitry Kantemir.

Ebuntwaneni futhi Primary Education

Kwazalelwa sezombusazwe Okthoba 26, 1673 edolobhaneni baseMoldova Silishten. Kamuva Wadlulela ngaphansi kweRomania, kodwa namuhla okubizwa ngokuthi Vaslui. Ekupheleni kwekhulu XVII, ke kwaku yokuhlala kaConstantine Cantemir - umbusi baseMoldova noyise Dmitry ezisanda kuzalwa. Unina Anna Bantysh eyaziwa futhi ukuthi ubeyisibenzi ummeleli omunye boyars lasendulo.

Kusukela zisencane, ukwakheka ubuntu Dmitry Konstantinovich futhi wathonywa kakhulu nangabanye wakhe uthisha - abantu abafundile, indela I. Kakavela. Ngaleso sikhathi, wayaziwa lezincwadi eziningi, siyaphikisana abashumayeli ubuKatolika, kanye nombhali incwadi logic, lapho isayensi yokufunda izizukulwane zesikhathi esizayo zefilosofi nezenkolo.

I ayichitha inhlokodolobha Turkish

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-nanhlanu, uDmitri kwaba e Istanbul. Elapho alizanga ngokusuka kubo, futhi njengoba kalowo isimo, kwaba yisifundo Turkey, okwakukhona ngaleso sikhathi naseMoldavia. Ukuba sesimweni unenviable onjalo, Nokho, akaphelelwa isipho emlandweni futhi liyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa imfundo yakhe. Ngokwenza kanjalo, lanikeza usizo olungenakuqhathaniswa ukuba ososayensi abaningi wezinzalamizi isiGreki Latin Academy, ngaleso sikhathi, njengalokhu yena uqobo inhlokodolobha amatheku elikhazimulayo.

Eminyakeni emithathu esichithwa osebeni Bosphorus, alambele ulwazi nsizwa esefunde isiGreki, isi-Turkish, Arabhu nesiLatin, kanye inkambo Izinkulumo umlando, ifilosofi nemfundiso yenkolo. inkambiso yalelozwe yakhe savela kuleyo minyaka ngaphansi kwethonya imisebenzi yefilosofi Anthony futhi Spandoni, futhi ngenxa ajwayelane ifilosofi yemvelo imibono Meletios Arta.

umkhankaso Military futhi ezombangazwe

Lapho 1691, Dmitry Kantemir sibuya ekhaya, wazithola shí empini, okwaholela eMoldavia nePoland. Njengoba indodana iNkosi, Dmitry wayephakathi izinduna owayehola izinkulungwane amasosha. Ngo 1692, wazehlukanisa ngenxa yokuvinjezelwa le nqaba Soroca ethumba nabasePoland. Kwakuwusuku isipiliyoni sakhe sokuqala ukulwa imisebenzi kanye izinqumo, lapho kwakuxhomeke izimpilo zabantu abaningi.

Ngokulandelayo, 1693, bamyisa izinkinga eziningi ezihlobene ne nempi yangaphakathi sezombusazwe kuleliya lizwe. Iqiniso lokuthi uyise washona Cantemir, owayeneminyaka kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe umbusi eMoldavia, futhi ngemva kokufa kwakhe, boyars abakhethiwe owalandela Dmitry. Kodwa omunye intando Boyar kwakungenele.

Njengoba ubukhulu kwaba ngaphansi protectorate Turkish, umphumela wokhetho sivunyiwe e Istanbul. Wasebenzisa Umphikisi zezombusazwe Cantemir - umbusi Wallachia, Constantin Brancoveanu. Wakwazi ukuthonya Sultan, futhi ngenxa candidacy of Dmitry sinqatshelwe.

On umsebenzi zamanxusa

Ngemva ukwehluleka, okwabangela inhlekelele kuye okuthunyelwe eliphakeme isimo, Cantemir ubuyela Istanbul, kodwa ngalesi sikhathi hhayi njengendlela kalowo, futhi elizimisele zamanxusa. Wamiswa omele esemthethweni ye-master iMoldavian esigodlweni Sultan. Lesi sikhathi, ukuhlala kwakhe ngesikhathi ogwini Bosphorus kwaba isikhathi eside kakhudlwana. Nge iziphazamiso ezincane lapho behlala enhloko-dolobha Turkish kuze 1710.

Le nkathi emphilweni Dmitry Kantemir bekulokhu engenakulibaleka. Wayefanele ukulwa, kodwa ngalesi sikhathi ebuthweni Turkish. Futhi nakuba impi ne Austrians emfuleni iTisza, kuyo Wathatha ingxenye, zigcine inqotshwa kabuhlungu ngoba amabutho Sultan Nokho, uyinike ingcebo yolwazi lempi. Akhiwe isevisi zamanxusa, Cantemir waqala indathane nabajwayelene nabo.

Phakathi kwabangane bakhe esisha kwakumelwe nabo abameleli isayensi, edume kakhulu owawungumnyaka usosayensi odumile Turkish Sadi effendi, futhi ngemva emazweni amaningi aseYurophu. Waba nobungane Russian isithunywa Ukubala Petrom Andreevichem UTolstoy, ujwayele eyayintula nemiphumela efinyelela kude kangaka.

A sivumelwano ngomshoshaphansi Tsar Russian

Ngo 1710, lapho, kwagqashuka impi phakathi Russia nase-Turkey, Cantemir etholakele uhulumeni Turkish le ubukhulu iMoldavian, kwadingeka ngithathe ingxenye ezingxabanweni. Nokho, abacindezeli wazonda ngasese lonke izwe lakubo futhi amathemba phezu ashaya Russian, wayeseboshwe baxhumana uhulumeni waseRussia, usebenzisa umngane wakhe omusha - Bala UTolstoy.

Iziphathimandla Turkish, nokubeka Cantemir amathemba aphakeme, akungabazeki yokuthembeka kwakhe, wamphathisa ukulungiswa ibutho baseMoldova wayokulwa Russia. Ngo Dmitry yemfanelo ihlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwamabhuloho kanye yokuwela phezu iDanube, kanye nokunikeza ebusika amafulethi abaseSweden wasinda Battle eyinhlekelele Poltava ngabo, ukulungela umnyuziki okuziphindiselela ngoba ukunqotshwa yangaphambili. Phezu umsebenzi wakhe, waphoqwa ukuba ukuqhuba ukubhekwa Imfihlo ophikisana naye zangaphambilini zezombusazwe Brancoveanu, ogama Sultan esolwa ngokuba imbuka.

Ngenkathi 1711 e Slutsk, omunye wemizi emikhulu kakhulu eNtshonalanga ye-Ukraine, Dmitry Kantemir Prince ngosizo Ukubala P. A. Tolstogo ethunyelwe Petersburg owayeyisithunywa sakhe Stephan Luca, ngubani wayalwa ukuba babambe izingxoxo imfihlo noPetru mina ukuphetha nalo ubuhlobo ngeziphansi kwizenzo ngokuhlanganyela ngokumelene abaseTurkey.

Isivumelwano, okuyinto wayemiselwe ukuba wehluleka

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi Cantemir Ukubambisana eduze ne nkosi Russian. Ngo efanayo 1711, ubelokhu bahileleke nokubhalwa sivumelwano sihlinzekela ukuhlanganiswa yokuzithandela Moldova komthetho Russian phezu ukuzimela. Omunye izigaba nesikhombisa idokhumenti iNkosi uPhilip amemezele mathupha, Dmitry Cantemir, ilungelo ukudluliselwa amandla kanye naye ngqo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo abephule zonke amalungelo boyars.

Iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu yesivumelwano kwaba ukubuya Moldova zonke izindawo bathunjwa Porte, futhi ukuqedwa inkokhiso Turkish. Kokusebenza kwesivumelwano kwaphawula ukuphela umthetho WaseTurkey. Lokhu bahlangana yokusekela ngobuningi babo bonke izinhlelo zomphakathi baseMoldova futhi enikeziwe Cantemir umphakathi.

Prut sivumelwano

Kodwa zinhlelo kamnandi ezingazange zifinyelelwe. Ukukhulula izwe baseMoldova ngo-1711 tridtsativosmitysyachnaya ibutho Russian bamasha iphansi kwesandla sika-Bala Sheremetyev. Ngo ukuqhubeka yokulwela uPetru ngineminyaka engu ngokwakhe in-Chief izinga.

Lo mkhankaso, wehlela emlandweni njengoba Prut igama emfuleni lapho kwakukhona khona mpi kwakulwa nge ibutho stadvadtsatitysyachnoy isitha akuphumelelanga ngoba baseRussia. Ukuze ugweme ukunqotshwa nendikimba ephakeme ibutho Turkish, uPetru mina dweba thula vumelwane, Russia elahlekile ngaphansi elalikade yanqoba Azov nokunye ogwini loLwandle Azov. Ngakho, Moldova lisabuswa abaphathi-Turkish.

Ukuhambisa eMoscow, futhi isihe seNkosi

Yiqiniso, ngemva ngakho konke okwenzeka kwi kuthutha yazo zonke baseMoldova owakhonza ngaphansi banner Russian kungaba kungabaza. WeziNkulungwane boyars efika e Moscow, lapho wanikwa umhlangano kamnandi kakhulu. Ndawonye nabo kufika Cantemir. Dmitry K. waklonyeliswa isihloko ukubala ubuqotho bakhe Russia ilungelo ukubiza "Umusa".

Ngaphezu kwalokho, wamiswa njengomqondisi impesheni okuqinile, anikezwe izindawo eziningi izwe lamanje esifundazweni orel. Kutholwe endaweni yayo nemizana Dimitrovka Kantemirovka ngasinda. Eyokuqala wabo eseke isimo edolobheni elinabantu ezinhlanu futhi abantu abayinkulungwane nengxenye, kanti eyesibili kwaba ezisemadolobheni-uhlobo zokuhlala. Phezu kwakho konke Kantemir njengokaputeni bonke ababeza kuye abavela kwamanye amazwe baseMoldova ilungelo bachithe ukuphila kwabo uma bebona kunesidingo siqu.

ukuqashelwa YaseYurophu amaphepha isayensi

Ngo 1713, wafa nomfazi Dmitriya Kantemira Cassandra Kontakuzin. Emva kokushona kwakhe, waqhubeka ephila e Moscow, nokuxhumana nabantu eziphambili esikhathini esiningi. Phakathi abavelele abangu umsunguli Latin-Greek Academy Feofan Prokopovich V N. Tatischev, Prince AM Cherkassky, I. Yu Trubetskoy, isikhulu sikahulumeni esivelele B. P. Sheremetev. Njengoba unobhala nomfundisi izingane ukuthi ukumemele umbhali odumile wemidlalo I. I. Ilinskogo.

Lapho sifika ayedumile European, imisebenzi eminingi yesayensi zidalwe phakathi neminyaka zakhe Dmitry Kantemir. Incazelo of eMoldova futhi Turkey, usebenza ku-yezilimi nefilosofi bamlethela udumo jikelele. Berlin Academy of Sciences, 1714, wamfaka phakathi ezinhlwini zabo njengelungu zokuhlonipha. Yiqiniso, ososayensi Russian onginike komsebenzi inani uzakwabo.

emshadweni wesibili, bathuthela amabhange iNeva

Ngo 1719 ekuphileni kwakhe kuza isenzakalo esibalulekile - ke engena emshadweni entsha. Lesi sikhathi loyo kuba Duchess AI Trubetskaya. Phakathi nalo mkhosi lomshado umqhele umkhwenyana ikhanda yayiphethe yena umbusi uPetru I. Kunzima ukucabanga ilungelo elikhulu ngokuba isakhamuzi yenkosi Russian. Ekupheleni imikhosi, Dmitry Kantemir kanye nomkhaya wakhe bathuthela Petersburg, lapho yazenzela abavelele somphakathi umeluleki kaPetru mina ezindabeni eMpumalanga. Lapha ingenye abantu abaseduze enkosini.

Lapho 1722 Emperor uhlaziyo yakhe edumile umkhankaso Persian, Dmitry Konstantinovich owelama kuye njengenhloko Chancellery State. On isinyathelo sakhe, kwakukhona indlu yokunyathelisa, okuyinto ephrintiwe impahla ngesi-Arabhu. Lokhu sekwenze kwaba lula ukuba ahlanganise futhi aluka isimemezelo kaKesari izizwe abahlala yasePheresiya ne eCaucasus.

imisebenzi yezesayensi ukuvela imibono yefilosofi

Ngisho e Cantemir sempi, efana ososayensi abaningi isiRashiya, ubhekene nezimo ezifanayo abayekanga ucwaningo. Phakathi nale minyaka, ngoba wabhala lonke uchungechunge zomlando, ezindawo nefilosofi. Njengoba isazi semivubukulo indefatigable, wayifeza ukutadisha izikhumbuzo Dagestan futhi Derbent lasendulo. umbono wakhe ngale imibuzo eyisisekelo yonke kwavele ngaleso sikhathi kwemvelo abalulekile. Esikhathini esidlule, i adherent lo ukukhohliseka zenkolo, eminyakeni ke waba abazibheka, futhi ezimweni eziningi ngisho izinto ngesikhathi osithandayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, emibhalweni yakhe, ethi umhlaba wonke, ebonakalayo nengabonakali, kuholela ukuthuthukiswa yayo ngesisekelo imithetho inhloso, achazwe nguMdali. Nokho, amandla ukucabanga uyakwazi ukufunda nabo ukuqondisa intuthuko emhlabeni endaweni efanele abantu. Phakathi imisebenzi zomlando Cantemir ehola indawo umlando Izimbobo futhi Moldova lwakubo.

Ukuphela ukuphila ezimibalabala

Dmitry Cantemir, ogama biography buhlobene eduze ne kwenkathi we Petrine kabusha guqula zidlulile 1 Septhemba, 1723. Isikhathi bokugcina bokuphila kwakhe ayihlala lo mbusi pha him ifa Dimitrovka. Umlotha abathembekile engumngane uPetru mina wangcwatshwa e Moscow, ezindongeni Isigodlo Of The Greek, futhi namathathu banesifo esibi kwekhulu XX uyiswa Romania, e Iasi.

Indodakazi loMbusi baseMoldova

Ngo sezikhathi okwalandela, phakathi nokubusa Empress Elizabeth, yena ayedumile Cantemir indodakazi ukuba ibuye emshadweni wayo wesibili Katerina Golitsyn, owazalelwa e-1720. Lelo gama ivuka lapho ngo-1751 washada isikhulu Izmailovo Regiment Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn. Ngemva komshado, yena senziwa besekela Empress yakhe uyiNkosikazi yangempela.

Nge fortune eside futhi eziningi wokujikeleza, Katerina Golitsyn wachitha iminyaka eminingi e-Paris, lapho baba nempumelelo ngobubona abavelele emphakathini enkantolo. salon yakhe kwakungesinye imfashini kakhulu enhlokodolobha French. Lapho umyeni walo dade waqokwa inxusa Russian e-Paris, sesiye inkanyezi yangempela.

ukuphila kwakhe yelashwa e 1761 ngenxa yokugula. Dmitry Mikhailovich wathukuthela kakhulu ngokufa komkakhe othandekayo. Njengoba ngasinda cishe amathathu wakhe iminyaka ikhamba, wakha washiyela izinsuku zakhe ekunqabeni ukwakha esibhedlela ikhumbule umkakhe abampofu. Lokhu isifiso samukelwa, kanye Golitsyn Isibhedlela, elaba ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX eMzini Isibhedlela Okokuqala, uye abe isikhumbuzo kowesifazane uyabathanda.

Palace iNeva yashayisa unqenqema

Mayelana Dimitrie Cantemir uyakhumbula inzalo isakhiwo ngokubabazekayo, ihlobise Palace Embankment Petersburg. Lokhu wangaphambili esigodlweni Dmitriya Kantemira. Elalizokwakhiwa e-eko kwekhulu XVIII, liwukuphela kwesakhiwo yokuqala eyakhiwa esenyakatho dolobha oluvelele wezakhiwo Italian BF Rastrelli. izithombe Akhe sa you bheka ngenhla. Nokho, iMoldavian Prince yena wayengakwazi ukuhlala kuwo. Washona esigodlweni babesayenza kokuphothula umsebenzi, kodwa igama lakhe kuze kube phakade exhumene ne Kulokhu bokwakha.