Hydrocarbon - a ... hydrocarbon ayegcwele. amakilasi hydrocarbon

Leli qembu izidakamizwa ahlanganisa uwoyela ne-methane, igesi yemvelo. ezihlukahlukene wabo omkhulu. Yiqiniso, cishe hydrocarbon. Kuyinto kokubili omunye ezivamile kanye okufunwa kakhulu izinto isintu. Yini abakubonisayo? Kubalulekile nokukhumbula, njengoba elandiswe 9th grade kwamakhemikhali.

hydrocarbon

Lesi sigaba izinto ihlanganisa ezihlukahlukene compounds, eziningi zazo Sekuyisikhathi eside esetshenziswa ngempumelelo izinjongo zabo umuntu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-carbon Kulula kakhulu izibopho zamakhemikhali, e-hydrogen esithile ngalokho kukhona ezihlukahlukene ezifana. Ngaphandle kwayo, ukuphila ebesingenakuzenza kwindlela siyazi ukuthi.

Hydrocarbon - into ehlanganisa izici ezimbili carbon ne-hydrogen. molecule awo kungaba lwento nje kuphela kodwa futhi branched futhi ifomu ivaliwe izihibe.

ngezigaba

Carbon yakha izibopho ezine, ne-hydrogen - eyodwa. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi isilinganiso sabo uhlale 1 kuya ku-4 Iqiniso liwukuthi phakathi kwama-athomu carbon kungenzeka hhayi kuphela eyodwa kodwa futhi izibopho kabili futhi kathathu. Ngokusho lokhu umbandela ukuhlukanisa amakilasi of hydrocarbon. Esimweni sokuqala kulezi izinto abizwa ngokuthi umkhawulo (noma alkanes), kanti eyesibili - unsaturated noma unsaturated (alkenes futhi alkynes amabili kanye ezintathu izixhumanisi ngokulandelana).

Enye ngezigaba inikeza ukucabangela engqamuzaneni. Kulokhu ukuhlukanisa hydrocarbon aliphatic, okuyizinto komugqa e isakhiwo kanye carbocyclic, ngesimiso somshini esivalekile. Lezi bazabela zihlukaniswe alicyclic futhi elimnandi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, hydrocarbon zivame ngaphansi polymerization - inqubo okunamathiselwe zishintshe ezifanayo komunye nomunye. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka impahla entsha ngokuphelele, ngokungafani isizinda. Isibonelo salokhu polyethylene eyatholakala kusukela ethylene nje. Lokhu kungenzeka kuphela uma kuziwa hydrocarbon unsaturated.

Ukwakheka, nakho basonta isigaba unsaturated, usebenzisa radicals khulula yabo unamathisele futhi ama-athomu entsha ngaphandle hydrogen. Kulokhu, atholakala kwezinye izinto eziphilayo: alcohols, ama, ketones, esters, amaphrotheni, njll Kodwa ngokuphelele ehlukile indaba ephathwayo kwamakhemikhali ...

izibonelo

Hydrocarbon - ezihlukahlukene enkulu izinto, ngisho ikhumbula ngezigaba. Noma kunjalo, kuwufanele uhlu kafushane amagama compounds kufakwe lesi sigaba esikhulu.

1. hydrocarbon ayegcwele - kuyinto methane, ethane-propane, i-butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, njll Isihloko sokuqala futhi lungaba ajwayelekile, ngisho nalabo abangekho friendly emkhakheni wesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali ... Ngakho ngokuthi izinhlobo wandile amagesi.
2. I alkenes (olefins) ekilasini zihlanganisa ethene (ethylene), propene (propylene), butene, pentene, hexene nokunye okunjalo. D.
3. Ukuze alkynes kukhona ethyne (acetylene), propyne, butyne, pentyne, hexyne, nokunye. D.
4. Phela, izibopho kabili futhi kathathu kungenzeka olulodwa. Kulokhu, izakhiwo ezinjalo ziyathandeka alkadienyl futhi alkadiinam. Kodwa kakhulu akufanele lokuhlola.
5. Kepha hydrocarbon, isakhiwo lapho ivaliwe, ngoba babe amagama abo siqu: cycloalkanes, cycloalkenes futhi cycloalkynes.
6. Amagama okuqala: cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, njll ...
7. Esikhathini isigaba sesibili zihlanganisa cyclopropene, cyclobutene, cyclopentene, cyclohexene nokunye okunjalo. D.
8. Ekugcineni cycloalkynes, okungezona zemvelo. Thina Uzame synthesize kubo isikhathi eside futhi isikhathi eside, futhi kwaba kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX. Cycloalkynyl molecule aqukethe okungenani 8 ama-athomu carbon. Nge imali encane ekhuthaza nje engazinzile ngenxa yokucindezeleka okweqile.
9. Kukhona enkundleni (hydrocarbon elimnandi), elula ezivamile zazo imelele benzene. Futhi kule ekilasini zihlanganisa naphthalene, furan, thiophene, indole, nokunye. D.

izakhiwo

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, i-hydrocarbon - lenqwaba izinto ezahlukene. Ngakho-ke, ukukhuluma mayelana nempahla yabo evamile Kuthi eziyinqaba, ngoba lena akuyona khona.

Isici esifanayo kuzo zonke hydrocarbon angabhekwa ngaphandle kwengoma. Futhi iqiniso lokuthi ekuqaleni emgqeni ngamunye, njengoba kuma-athomu e-carbon, aphuma ifomu gaseous futhi uketshezi okuqinile.

Kukhona esinye isici: zonke hydrocarbon abe flammability ezinhle. Kulokhu eziningi ukushisa, ekhiqizwa carbon dioxide futhi amanzi.

imithombo yemvelo

Njengezinye amaminerali, abanye hydrocarbon kukhona ngesimo imali kanye reserves koqweqwe. Ikakhulukazi, zakha ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi uwoyela negesi. Lokhu bubonakala ngokucacile ukucutshungulwa incwadi: enqubeni kudedela amanani ezinkulu izinto, eziningi zazo, ibhekisela ngokuqondile hydrocarbon. Negesi ngokuphelele 80-97% ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa i-methane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-methane ikhiqizwa ngesikhathi yokubola imfucuza eziphilayo futhi izinsalela, ukuze ekuwulungiseleleni akusho ukwethula inkinga engathí sina.

Okunye hydrocarbon imithombo - laboratory. Labo izinto okuyinto azisenzeki ngokwemvelo, ingalungiswa kusuka nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali ngenxa yokulumbana kwamakhemikhali.

ukusetshenziswa

Hydrocarbon ukudlala indima enkulu empilweni yesimanje lesintu. Amafutha kanye negesi babé unento ewusizo olukhulu kakhulu, ngoba ukukhonza njengoba uphethiloli namandla. Kodwa lokhu akulona nje izindlela kokusebenzisa compounds kusukela lesi sigaba. Hydrocarbon - ngokoqobo konke ezungeze abantu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Nge polymerization ngakwazi ukuthola isitifiketi sokuba izinto entsha ukwakhiwa ukuze ezihlukahlukene izinhlobo zepulasitiki, izindwangu, njll iziketekete izihlanzi, ngidwebe ngopende kanye nokwenza imikhiqizo ukuvenisha, waxes, asphalt, itiyela, itiyela, futhi lokho singabali imikhiqizo ezinkulu elicwengiweyo - .. Of uphethiloli kanye diesel.

Inani lezi zinhlobo zezindwangu nawo njengomnyango mkhulu kakhulu. Njengoba hydrocarbon unsaturated igcwaliswe - ngamakhulu nangezinkulungwane zezinto yiwo wonke isetshenziswa kanye ngeke akwenze ngaphandle nabo elula nezimo. kunzima kakhulu ukuba enqabe ukusebenzisa kwabo, ngisho ikhumbula iqiniso lokuthi uwoyela negesi siphela njengoba abahlaziyi ukubikezela. Kakade, isintu siye sokucinga asebenzayo ehlukile imithombo energy, kodwa akukho ukukhetha abangazange okwamanje wabonisa nekusebenta efanayo nezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokusisebenzisa njengoba hydrocarbon.