Lokujikeleza hydrocarbon ayegcwele: indlela ukulungiselela yabo. cycloalkanes

Kulesi sihloko sizohlola kokuthola cycloalkanes kanye timphawu tesakhiwo yabo. Masizame ukuchaza izakhiwo nobuntu lezi izinto, esekelwe timphawu tesakhiwo yabo.

isakhiwo

Ukuze uqale ukuhlaziya isakhiwo isigaba wathi ka hydrocarbon organic. Zonke compounds eyindilinga zihlukaniswe zinhlobo carbocyclic futhi heterocyclic.

Iqembu lesibili ngaphakathi evaliwe iluphu ezintathu ama-athomu carbon. compounds heterocyclic efanayo ngaphandle carbon e-molecule awo ahlangane nazo ziqukethe uhlu sulphur, umoya-mpilo, i-phosphorus, i-nitrogen.

Kukhona division carbocyclic ezinuka kamnandi, nempahla alicyclic.

izinto alicyclic

Lezi zihlanganisa cycloalkanes. izakhiwo Chemical kanye nokulungisa la izinto zinqunywa ngokunembile by isakhiwo avaliwe lesi sigaba of hydrocarbon.

Alicyclic ngokuthi labo izinto ezithinta eyodwa noma ngaphezulu non-elimnandi imvelo imijikelezo. Ukulungiselela kanye Ukusetshenziswa cycloalkanes kubhekwa ngokuya ubuhlobo babo enkompolo alicyclic.

ngezigaba

Omele elula alesi sigaba of hydrocarbon kuyinto cyclopropane. Ngo oyiyo ama-athomu carbon ezintathu kuphela. Abameleli beNdikimba uchungechunge homologous abizwa ngokuthi, ngaphezu, futhi paraffins. Ngokusho impahla yabo zamakhemikhali ngokomzimba zifana hydrocarbon ayegcwele. La ma-molecule aqukethe izibopho olulodwa kwakhiwa orbitals hybrid. I cycloalkanes uhlobo hybridization sp3.

Ukwakheka jikelele esashiwo ekilasini ifomula SnN2n. Lezi zinto zehlela kukhona isomers interclass hydrocarbon ethylenic.

Ngokwe ngesilwane esifuywayo zamanje international of esikhundleni, ne isihloko abameleli besigaba engeza Isiqalo "Cyclo" enombolweni ezifanele zama-athomu hydrocarbon. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthola cyclohexane, cyclopentane. Rational olunikeza igama ngesilwane esifuywayo ngesibalo amaqembu methylene avaliwe CH2. Ngenxa yalokhu, kuba izobizwa trimethylene cyclopropane futhi cyclobutane - tetramethylene.

Ngenxa yalesi class of organic compounds libhekene isomerism kwesakhiwo mayelana kuma-athomu e-carbon e icici isomerism optical.

ongakhetha imfundo

Manje cabanga ngalokho okushiwo reception. Cycloalkanes ingatholakala ngezindlela eziningana, kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni impahla sokuqala ekhethelwe ukuguqulwa amakhemikhali. Sizohlaziya main ongakhetha upharafini zamagama.

Ngakho, lokho abakutholayo? Cycloalkanes ezakhiwe cyclization diagalogenproizvodnyh hydrocarbon ayegcwele. Ngokufanayo amakhemikhali ekhiqizwa indandatho amane kanye emithathu membered. Ngokwesibonelo, cyclopropane. Ake sicabangele ekuwulungiseleleni - cycloalkanes, okuyinto yizona ezimelela lokuqala chungechunge homologous, akhiwa isenzo magnesium metallic noma ukhethe digalogenproizvodnuyu elihambisana alkane.

Futhi indlela ungakwazi akha compounds emihlanu membered futhi ayisithupha membered eyindilinga, inqubo yokuthola zabo? Cycloalkanes ne-athomu omoya-abaningi carbon e isakhiwo ukwakha nzima kunalokho, ngoba ngenxa conformation yenkinga ne cyclization engqamuzaneni. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kungenxa Ukujikeleza mahhala C-C, okuyinto kwehlisa amathuba enkompolo eyindilinga. Ukuze ukwakheka la abameleli cycloalkanes njengoba ukuqala izinto kukhona 1,2- noma 1.3-digalogenproizvodnye elihambisana alkane.

Phakathi izindlela upharafini zamagama inqubo futhi ukuhlukanisa decarboxylation of acid dicarboxylic nosawoti yalo. Five- futhi cycloalkanes ayisithupha membered okulungiselelwe ukufingqa aphakathi.

Phakathi izindlela ethize kumiswa zabo basho ukuthi kunjani ukusabela phakathi alkenes futhi carbenes, ukubuyisela ngaphansi anomoya-mpilo nemikhiqizo tsiklosoedineny.

chemical izakhiwo

Zonke izindlela cycloalkanes nokuthola ekuhlanganyeleni kwabo kunqunywa izici of isakhiwo sazo sekhemikhali. Banikezwe khona isakhiwo eyindilinga, phakathi izakhiwo eziyinhloko the chemical yokusabela hydrogen cycloalkanes khetha uxhumano (hydrogenation), nokuqedwa yayo (amanzi emzimbeni).

Ukuze ukusabela usebenzisa kulethe, njengoba platinum, palladium angasebenza. Ingabe asabela ngayo i-lokushisa ephakeme, ukubaluleka kwawo kuxhomeke kulokho ring usayizi. Isenzo phezu eyindilinga hydrocarbon-molecule nge UV ngemisebe, kungenzeka asabela ngayo chlorination (chlorine kwalokho).

Njengazo zonke abameleli organic compounds, cycloalkane uyakwazi ukungena ukusabela amandla omlilo, ukwakha carbon dioxide emva ukuphendula, umhwamuko. Cishe le ndlela yokusabela libhekisela izinqubo exothermic kusukela ephelezelwa ukukhululwa kwe ukushisa okwanele.

isiphetho

Paraffins zivaliwe hydrocarbon compounds kwakhiwa kusukela alkanes digalogenproizvodnyh noma ezinye organic compounds. Izici isakhiwo sabo kunqunywa chemical izakhiwo eziyisisekelo cycloalkanes, isicelo sabo. Ikakhulu asetshenziswe zamagama organic ukukhiqiza compounds ngaphansi anomoya-mpilo organic.