Izingxenye ezibalulekile yokukhuluma - kungcono lokho?

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, izingqondo ososayensi kuyinto umbuzo mayelana titfo tenkhulumo. Izifundo azinikele kubo, uzihlanganisa e uPlato, u-Aristotle, panini, Jaska. Kepha yezilimi isiRashiya, kufanele kuphawulwe amagama VV Vinogradov, LV Scherbo A. A. Shahmatova nabanye.

Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwayo ukwehlukana titfo tenkhulumo

Titfo tenkhulumo are the Ningi ezidingekayo futhi ezijwayelekile e-lolimi kwanoma yiluphi ulimi. Nokuhlukanisa ngeengaba umbuzo ngabo kuqala incazelo yalo nokusetshenziswa kolimi. Ekhuluma titfo tenkhulumo, lolimi kwakusho Ukubuthelela amayunithi ezithile ulimi. Ngamanye amazwi esikhathini isichazamazwi abelwe ezingeni elithile noma iqembu libhekene ezicini ezithile. Nokho, kungasiphi isisekelo kufanele zabelwe titfo tenkhulumo? Ngokusekelwe kulokho ukusatshalaliswa amazwi kuwo? Ndawonye, ake siphendule lo mbuzo.

Inkinga okushiwo titfo tenkhulumo, kanye nezimiso kwesabelo yabo ngezilimi ezahlukene ingenye kakhulu yezilimi. izitatimende lezi zinto ziningi futhi ngale ndaba oyithandayo kithi. Isikhathi esining impela ziphikisana nomunye futhi ibingakaziwa. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lo muntu izingxenye abelwe ngesisekelo omunye ehamba phambili imfanelo okungukuthi esivela amazwi eziphathelene ethile iqembu. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi isisekelo ukukhethwa titfo tenkhulumo iqoqo izimpawu ezahlukene za khashana none of them is okuyinhloko. Uma sicabanga ukuthi wangaphambili umbono kweqiniso, ukuthi kuleli cala kuyoba isici esiyinhloko? imikhakha okunengqondo zeziboshwa incazelo lucebe? Noma ingabe ngokwayo? Noma ukuxhumana incazelo lucebe esigabeni lwetakhi telulwimi? Umsebenzi wayo syntactic noma imvelo morphological? Ingxenye ezahlukene inkulumo okufanele kwezimali ehlukile noma ngesisekelo efanayo?

Vumelana imibuzo eminingi. Ulwazi lwethu uhlobo lolimi amazwi akukakabi ezijule kangangokuba ngezigaba lwabo lwetakhi telulwimi kungenziwa eyakhelwe kwezesayensi. Yaqala kancane kancane futhi silungise kamuva isiko ukusatshalaliswa zezitho ezihlukeneko tenkhulumo temagama - lokhu akukona ngezigaba. division okunjalo - nje namazwi aveza iqiniso ukuthi kukhona amaqembu ahlukene amagama sihlanganise ezinye izici ezivamile kubo. I yamuva ayizona ucishe Nokho, okubaluleke Akucaci njalo.

Ukwabiwa titfo tenkhulumo ngolimi Russian

Ngo yolimi lwanamuhla Russian has inqwaba amafomu okufana morphological. Nobunzima ethile kuba bheke variable izingxenye ezibalulekile yokukhuluma. Ezinye izinhlobo zaqashelwa iziqondiso futhi avikelekile ngolimi tetemibhalo, kuyilapho abanye ezibhekwa amaphutha nokusetshenziswa kolimi. Ithola isidingo Ukulifunda ngijule ngezihloko ezifana bheke izinguquko eziphawulekayo njalo inkulumo. Esikoleni, ngokuvamile basingatha ekhethekile.

Titfo tenkhulumo kufundvwe kulesi sigaba, lolimi, morphology. Ngamazwi akhe ezibhekwa ngekwemagugu ekuphila yabo futhi ushintsho. Zingase ayahluka izinombolo, izizukulwane amaqembu, icala nokunye. D. Ibizo, isibonelo, lisho isihloko. Kungase ayahluka icala kanye nenombolo. Isiphawulo akuwona isihloko ubonisa, futhi uphawu yayo. It luyehluka in izinombolo, lokuzalwa futhi icala. Nokho, kukhona amagama musa ukushintsha ngolimi Russian. Lokhu, isibonelo, izinyunyana, bondzaweni nezandiso.

Izinsiza nezingxenye ezizimele yokukhuluma

Ngakho, iqembu amazwi aphuma ndawonye ngesisekelo izici zomphakathi, ngokuthi izingcezu zenkulumo. Kulokhu izici ngenxa ezihlukahlukene amaqembu amagama asetshenzisiwe engenzima iyunifomu. Kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa phakathi ingxenye enkulu futhi neznamenatelnye yokukhuluma. I last ubizwa nangokuthi esemthethweni. izingxenye ezibalulekile inkulumo zizimele. Bobabili enze imisebenzi ehlukahlukene. izwi Independent emshweni, izinto ayetha, izenzo, izimpawu, bangamalungu isiphakamiso, kuyilapho isevisi avame ezihlobene amazwi ezimele. Cabanga kufike emniningwaneni wokugcina.

Izabizwana futhi amazwi abalulekile

izingxenye Independent yokukhuluma kungenzeka pronominal noma ezivusa amadlingozi. amazwi Obalulekile zibonisa izimpawu, izinto, izenzo, inani ubudlelwane, ebabiza. Pronominal le ukhombe kuphela kubo, kodwa ningabizi. Emshweni bayindlela Vice abalulekile. amazwi pronominal yingxenye ehlukile yokukhuluma ngokuthi ibizo. Neziphawulekayo ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezihlukahlukene yokukhuluma esekelwe nalezi zidingo ezilandelayo:

- morphology;

- amagugu generalized;

- lokudlulisa ukuziphatha (imisebenzi kanye nokuxhumana embhalweni).

Ukwabela amaqembu okungenani 5, ucabangela ingxenye emangalisayo yokukhuluma. Lokhu amagama amathathu (isiphawulo, ibizo, inani) kanye nesenzo futhi isandiso. Ngezinye izikhathi amafomu isenzo (gerundive futhi esithi) abelwe ngokwehlukile. Njengoba ubona, tenkhulumo kuyinto lucebe futhi lwetakhi telulwimi izwi amakilasi. Okungukuthi, abelwe esekelwe ukuziphatha syntactic, izinhlamvu morphological kanye namagugu generalized.

Ibizo

Uqala ukuchazani izingxenye tenkhulumo Russian ulimi (esinikelweko) nge ibizo. It unamazwi athi:

1) yilezi Emabitomvama noma ngasese, engaphili noma vusa, babe njalo isici ejwayelekile, kanye nabanye ababengewona ama-eziphikelelayo (main ingxenye emabito) esayina icala kanye nenombolo;

2) kufanele zisho inhloso, ngakho impendulo yombuzo othi "yini?" noma "Ubani?";

3) kaningi isiphakamiso esifakwe noma isihloko, kodwa zingase zibe khona ezinye amalungu.

Qaphela ukuthi ukwabiwa emabito eziyinhloko amazwi izici zolimi nemisebenzi yazo, hhayi, isibonelo, ukubaluleka kwazo. Izibonakaliso main izingxenye ezibalulekile inkulumo zingase zihluke. Kulesi ngokushesha uzobona. Njengoba wenza ngokuvumelana nencazelo yegama ibizo, kumane kuyingxenye inkulumo, ukubaluleka okungaba ehlukene kakhulu. Nasi isibonelo: umuntu (intombazane), into (ipeni), isilwane (inja), umqondo abstract (nokuziqhenya), okubonisa (ukuphakama) isilinganiso (ukungalingani), isenzo (izifundo). La mazwi ngokombono amagugu elihlangene ukuthi ngenhlonipho kubo, singacela omunye umbuzo: "yini?" noma "Ubani?" Lokhu, eqinisweni, kuyinto umnqopho wabo.

Thina uqhubekele cabanga ingxenye elandelayo yokukhuluma - isiphawulo.

isiphawulo

Iyingxenye ezimele yokukhuluma, elilwela. It kuhlanganiswe amagama:

1) kuyahluka icala, izinombolo kanye izinhlobo, futhi abanye - I-Ngokuqhathanisa amandla ka ngobufushane kanye / ukugcwala.

2) lisho non-zenqubo ukuze bathole izimpawu ke esewuphendula "kabani?" noma "lokho?"

3) Buciko emshweni ingxenye igama SIS (esiyinhlanganisela isilandiso okuzisholo) noma izincazelo.

Umlandzi njalo zincike amabizo. Ngenxa yalokho, imibuzo kufanele ucela yokugcina. Umlandzi Udinga ukukhetha kusuka sebuningini tintfo letifanako oyifunayo. Ngaphandle kwawo, inkulumo sethu siyofana isithombe ebhaliwe grey upende. Sibonga i isiphawulo, kuba okwenyanga enembile nakakhulu, njengoba Vumela gqamisa ezahlukene bento.

inombolo

Lena enye ingxenye emangalisayo yokukhuluma, ezimele. Kuhlanganisa amazwi elisho izinombolo, ukuze izinto ku-akhawunti, noma inombolo. Inani Liphendula imibuzo elandelayo: "Yini?" noma "kangakanani?" Kuyinto tenkhulumo ehlanganisa amagama ngesisekelo ezindinganisweni ezifanayo. Inani inani - eziphathelene inombolo. Qaphela ukuthi izici lwetakhi telulwimi kukhona heterogeneous. Bathembele ukubaluleka ukudedelwa a inombolo.

La mazwi abaluleke kakhulu ezimpilweni zethu. Thina elinganisiwe isibalo isikhathi, ibanga, inani lezinto futhi yabo usayizi, izindleko, isisindo. Izinombolo on the incwadi okungukuthi ngokuvamile esikhundleni ngezinombolo. Nokho, imibhalo, isibonelo, kubalulekile ukuthi imali ecacisiwe hhayi kuphela izinombolo, kodwa futhi amazwi.

isandiso

Siyaqhubeka ukudalula lo mbuzo: "? Yini tenkhulumo - emangalisayo" Isandiso limelela isimo inkomba sici, izenzo thukela - isihloko. Qaphela ukuthi ezingeguquleke. Okuhlukile lo mthetho - tandziso qualitative kuphela ephela ngo -O / -e. Bonke bangabangasokile eduze kwenye i isiphawulo noma isenzo noma kwenye isandiso, ukuthi libhekene ingxenye emangalisayo yokukhuluma. Izibonelo: fast kakhulu, ukugijima, fast kakhulu. Isandiso emshweni ngokuvamile isimo. Ngezinye izikhathi kungaba eduze futhi zebizo. Izibonelo zibandakanya: bagijimi, ikhofi-Warsaw, amaqanda soft-abilisiwe. Isandiso kulezi zimo izenzo njengoba lingahambisani izincazelo. It eyenziwa ngezizathu ezimbili tandziso ngezigaba - enenjongo futhi umsebenzi.

isenzo

Siphendukela sento, ucabangela ingxenye emangalisayo yokukhuluma. Nanti izwi ngoba isimo (ijabule), isenzo (ukubhala), impahla (kheleza), uphawu (ziba mhlophe), isilinganiso (kuyalingana). ngamaqembu ahlukene isenzo yakha izici heterogeneous nokusetshenziswa kolimi. Into enjengale "izwi ngamazwi" united: ifomu conjugated (engeyena umuntu ongokoqobo siqu), unconjugated (esithi ngamazwi bazibandakanye), kanye kwekusebentisa (ifomu indeterminate). kakhulu kubalulekile inkulumo tento. Bavumela siphe igama izenzo ezahlukene.

iSidlo

Njengoba izenzakalo morphological iSidlo ambiguously uhunyushwe yezilimi. Ngezinye izikhathi aphathwe njengomuntu ezingxenyeni ezihlukene yokukhuluma amagama abalulekile, okuyizinto amasakramente, futhi ngezinye izikhathi - njengoba isimo sesenzo. Zimelela uphawu bento ngenxa yesenzo. ISidlo esihlanganisa izakhiwo tento netichasiso. Isetshenziselwa ngolimi ezibhaliwe kaningi adluliselwa ngomlomo.

esithi

Sitshele kancane mayelana gerund, okwembula ngesihloko esithi "izingxenye Obalulekile yokukhuluma." Lawa amagama, njengo isakramente, kungabonwa noma njengendlela ekhethekile isimo sesenzo, noma njengoba ehlukile tenkhulumo. Izimpawu emabito zimi kanje:

1) Ukukhomba isinyathelo eyengeziwe, ngakho isakramente Liphendula imibuzo elandelayo: "Yini eye yenziwa?" noma "ukwenza lokho?"

2) Ukuba khona izici lwetakhi telulwimi kokubili i isandiso kanye nesenzo.

Ngakho, siye sacabangela ingxenye emangalisayo yokukhuluma. Lokhu isandiso, isenzo, inombolo, Ibizo isiphawulo. Ngezinye izikhathi eceleni ukwaba futhi gerund futhi esithi. Manje awukwazi ukuya ngacabangi yokuphendula lo mbuzo: "Yini tenkhulumo - emangalisayo?" Nokho, siphakamisa ukuthi qhubeka ukwazana ephelele ezingxenyeni ezizimele yokukhuluma, kubhekwa, esebenzisa isabizwana esithi.

isabizwana

Nokho, ibizo imelela ingxenye ezimele yokukhuluma, okubonisa izici, izinto noma ubuningi, akusho wababiza. Zabo ezihlukahlukene izici nokusetshenziswa kolimi. Bathembele kulokho tenkhulumo esikhundleni embhalweni izabizwana. Bangakwazi oluthathwa by izici nemithetho yolimi nendlela ephumelelayo. Izabizwana enkulumweni asetshenziswa esikhundleni tiphawulo, tandziso, bondzaweni tandziso nesikhatsi netinombolo. Bona usizo ukuze ahlanganise ibe anokuhambisana umbhalo sesiphakamiso, ukuze Gwema ukuphindaphindwa okufanayo amazwi.

Ngakho, sahlola izingxenye ezimele yokukhuluma (izabizwana emangalisayo), futhi izingxenye asizayo yokukhuluma , thina kafushane kuchazwe. Sikunikeza ukuba ngokuzimela ufunde kabanzi mayelana yokugcina, njengoba nabo zidlala indima ebalulekile ngolimi. Sithemba ukuthi baye bafunda ukwehlukanisa phakathi izingxenye ezibalulekile nasizayo yokukhuluma.