Isikhunta Unicellular kanye nendima yabo nemvelo

Oluncane eziphilayo waziwa kunendoda kuphela obhekwe amadivayisi ebabaza. Nokho, namuhla, bona - ngesisekelo izifundo zofuzo ekuqongeleleni impahla theory ezindabeni eziningi oyisazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo, ngamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo nasemkhakheni wezinto, izakhi zofuzo. Kukhona ezahlukene eziphilayo owumphumela. Mushrooms - omunye wabo. Akubona bonke, yebo, kodwa ngempela ephawulekayo. Lesi sihloko iyobheka ukuthi abameleli kukhona esigabeni isikhunta elula yini izakhiwo kanye nezici abanakho.

Isikhunta unicellular futhi amaningi: izici jikelele

Kuzo zonke emihlanu imibuso imvelo amakhowe - esiyinqaba. Into wukuthi ukunquma isimo taxonomic we isitshalo noma isilwane ulula. Lamagciwane ehluke ahlelwe, ngakho nabo akubona bonke amaphutha kungaba.

Futhi amakhowe kuphela - lawa eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuthi ube isikhathi eside akazange basonta yimuphi umbuso esithile. Ekuqaleni babebhekwa izitshalo, nje elingenalo chlorophyll. Ucwaningo lwamuva nje okuningi kuye kwabonisa ukuthi wokugoqa imikhiqizo yabo aqukethe urea, a udonga cell sakhiwa ikakhulu of chitin. Kulokhu, ukugaya zangaphandle, kanye enzyme eziningi esifana nesika ezivezwa umzimba ezincelisayo.

Lezi zimpawu ngokusobala ukhuluma ngani isikhunta okuqondene isilwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yabe seyaziwa ngokuthi unicellular isikhunta Division slime isikhunta (slime) Ungahambisa bebheke ukudla nokukhanya ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Lokhu kufakazela waphinda ukuthi la magciwane nezilwane ukwabelana kukhokho oyedwa.

Konke lokhu kuye kwabangela ukuba iqiniso lokuthi amakhowe kwakuxhunyaniswa indawo ehlukile bemvelo. Isici esivamile ukuhlonza zabo yilezi:

• khona multicore mycelium unicellular noma amaningi;
• hyphae - sesigcilikisha mncane aluka uyakwazi ukwakha fruiting umzimba futhi mycelium;
• indlela heterotrophic enidla;
• chitin ogangeni iseli;
• urea lichaza ekwakheni imikhiqizo izinto ukubola;
• plastids yokuntuleka;
• ukukhiqizwa kabusha esebenzisa ezinhlamvu.

Ubude Namuhla kukhona angaba yizinkulungwane 250 zama-la magciwane. Iningi lazo - isikhunta elilodwa.

Ukwahlukanisa isikhunta unicellular

Nge zokwehlukahlukana kwesintu kunesidingo kule ngezigaba. Ngakho-ke, futhi bekubonakala systematized zonke isikhunta owumphumela, izibonelo zazo zingancishiswa uma sicabangela ngezigaba ephelele.

ke Single namuhla zazingekho, ngakho abalobi ezahlukene azifani. Ngakho, ukuhlinzeka amaqembu ayinhloko 4.

1. Deuteromycetes - futhi ngokuthi isikhunta abangaphelele. Awunayo ngokobulili ukukhiqizwa kabusha indlela. Abamele sklerotium, Rhizoctonia, izinhlobo eziningi Candida.
2. Chytridiomycota - isikhunta eziyinkimbinkimbi owumphumela, le mycelium okumelelwe izakhiwo eside branched equkethe cores amaningi. Abamele olpidium, silhitrium, spizellomy, monoblefaridy nabanye. Iningi labantu yokuphila emanzini noma lulwimi zasemanzini, izimuncagazi eliyinani zasolwandle nasemanzini agelezayo ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni.
3. Zygomycetes - ejwayelekile isikhunta unicellular, abanye abameleli mycelium nge izindonga ambalwa ababuthakathaka. Abamele Mucor, trihomitsety, spinellusy, zoopagalisy nabanye. Phakathi kwabo kukhona abakhe inhlabathi, kanye nezinambuzane womuntu, izilwane kanye nezitshalo.
4. Ascomycetes - ezinamangqamuzana amaningi kakhulu, kodwa futhi kukhona isikhunta owumphumela. Izibonelo: imvubelo, morels, truffle, imigqa, kanye nezinye Parmelee. It lethiwa ngenxa izici isakhi ingxabano, ababiziweyo ascospores. Abanye abameleli iyeke ngesikhathi impilo nekhono ukuzala, futhi zihlukaniswa ku Deuteromycetes, okungukuthi isikhunta abangaphelele.

UMnyango ngamunye has izici zayo siqu kanye nezici, futhi kuphela izinhlobo ngaphezulu ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Indlela ezithakazelisayo zokuphila, kubalulekile Inani kwezomnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amakhowe zidlala indima ebalulekile emvelweni ngokwemvelo.

Izici isakhiwo nendlela yempilo

Ngaphambi kokuba siphendule lo mbuzo: "Chaza indima isikhunta unicellular ngokwemvelo", kufanele ucabangele isakhiwo zabo ezithile nokubamba yokuphila. Phela, kuyinto kusukela kule kuzoya kakhulu ngokuthi yikuphi ukubaluleka Bayokwazi ngenxa eziphilayo ezizungezile, kuhlanganise nalezo abantu.

Ngakho, izici isakhi isikhunta unicellular.

1. Mycelium noma cha athuthukile nhlobo, noma lihle noma libi kakhulu. Singasho imelelwa multi-core noma elilodwa nomunye-nucleus.
2. Lokuzaliswa ngokuvamile asexual, nakuba abaningi isici inqubo ngokobulili.
3. zoospores abameleli zasemanzini kwakhiwa (chytridiomycota), okuyinto ukuhambisa ngokukhululekile ngamanzi esebenzisa flagella. Ngo ascomycetes emizimbeni ekhethekile spore izikhwama lapho ascospores ovuthiwe. Inombolo yabo ingeqi izingcezu eziyisishiyagalombili.
4. Ezinye Zygomycetes inhlabathi yakha mycorrhiza nge izimpande zesihlahla.
5. isikhunta abangaphelele ungene Symbiosis nama-bacterium, ukudala Kombucha enempilo.

Ngokuvamile, isakhiwo cishe yonke isikhunta, kanye yangaphakathi cell isakhiwo kucishe. Akunandaba, aphakeme yena noma engaphelele. Ngakho-ke, ngesisekelo ngezigaba uhlale isici esiyinhloko - indlela ukuveza.

Izici yokuphila:

1. Iningi - ukuphoqa kanye nezinambuzane facultative.
2. Abaningi baye ngiyijwayele impilo emanzini noma emhlabathini.
3. Abanye abameleli likhipha esiningi enzyme imvelo, ukulungiselela ukudla ngokwabo. Ngisho ngaphandle kokuba ama-mycelium branched, abanye eziphilayo ukukhiqiza rhizoids nomzimba omncane, ngubani anamekwe substrate, uwuthumbe (ukuncela) ukudla.
4. Phakathi Zygomycetes babe nabameleli - zoopagalisy. It lethiwa yendlela yokuphila okuzingela. Ayambamba ingcina hyphae izibungu izinambuzane, nematodes kanye nezinye ezincane ezingabonakali ngeso lenyama, bayidle, eziswini ngaphandle.
5. Ngo inqubo ukuphila, abameleli abaningi (ikakhulukazi imvubelo) ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza izidakamizwa zenani elikhulu, ama-enzyme, kubalulekile chemical compounds.

Thola izici ezivamile yonke yokuphila kunzima, ngoba eziningana zezinto eziphilayo likhulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke kungcono ukugxila njalo kakhulu futhi kubalulekile umuntu.

Inqubo yokukhiqiza butjha

Hlandla kakade ukuthi isici esiyinhloko umzimba okukhulunywa - ke iyindlela ukuzala. Lokuzaliswa isikhunta unicellular kungaba kwenziwe ngezindlela ezintathu:

• ngokobulili;
• vegetatively;
• asexually.

Cabanga zonke izinketho kabanzi.

1. ukukhiqizwa kabusha Asexual kuhilela kumiswa ezinhlamvu ngaphakathi sporangium zokwakheka ekhethekile. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, ihamba zoospores chytrid, kuyilapho ascomycete - ascospores imvelaphi endogenous.
2. Vegetative for luthela owumphumela kuhilela abamele. Lokho, iseli kanye ihlumela iba lotimele. Lokhu kunjalo imvubelo, okuyinto ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengeBhayibheli isikhunta yesibili owumphumela.
3. Inqubo ngokobulili kwenzeka ngendlela ehlukile zinhlobo ezahlukene. Nokho, zonke izinketho ezintathu ayatholakala: heterogamy, oogamy futhi isogamy. Kunoma ikuphi, ngokuyisisekelo itholakala Fusion gametes ukwakha zygote. Ngokuvamile, it is embozwe igobolondo obukhulu, futhi esimweni ukuphumula isikhathi esithile. Emva kwalokhu uqala ukwakha mycelium futhi ikhule indikimba entsha. Ngisho esimweni ukuba khona abamele ezinamangqamuzana amaningi zezitho iduna nensikazi kuzo umbuzo. Vele ibonisa "+" futhi "-" ohlangothini mycelium, okuyinto uhlangane ukwakha dikaryons.

Yiqiniso, kukhona izici ukuthi usizo ukukhomba amanye amalungu. Nokho, jikelele esiphelweni iphethini isikhunta unicellular okungukuthi kwalezo ezichazwe ngenhla.

Penicillium kanye izici zayo

Yini Penicillium - ukhunta owumphumela, angeke sikhone kusho ngalokucondzile. Into wukuthi yena utfolakala kuluhlobo abamele isikhunta, iningi okuyizinto elula kwenhlangano. Ngakho ngokuvamile, futhi udumo izici ezifanayo. Nokho, Penicillium, nomngane wakhe omkhulu, Aspergillus - iyona umnikazi ezinamangqamuzana amaningi amagatsha mycelium.

Lokhu mushroom kwatholakala Ernest Duchesne ngo-1897. Nguye owokuqala yagxila endleleni e Arabia wasebenzisa patina ongaziwa ogqamile ukubopha amanxeba zamahhashi. Ukuhlola isakhiwo, le nsizwa (futhi Duchenne wayeneminyaka engu-23 kuphela ubudala) wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi lokhu umzimba - kuba ukhunta, okuyinto has impahla elwa namagciwane, njengoba ongabhubhisa eysherihiyu uma - omunye amabhaktheriya eziyingozi kakhulu futhi pathogenic.

Kwaphela isikhathi eside ngoba ukuvulwa yayo akekho walalela. Ngo-1949, uFleming wazibonakalisa izakhiwo isinqandakuvunda futhi elwa namagciwane we ukhunta, futhi inani Duchenne Nokho kuphela okukhona emva kokufa lokugcina wayebhekwa,.

Isakhi esiyinhloko eyayisetshenziselwa womshini a penicillin akuzange kusize nomuthi - i-antibiotic akhicitwe nakuchubeka impilo umzimba.

isikhunta

Uma impendulo yombuzo othi: "Chaza indima isikhunta unicellular ngokwemvelo," khona-ke ngeke sikwazi ukusho mayelana nabanye abameleli isikhunta. Phela, iningi labo sahlala phansi, wasinikeza tinge lemicu empunga elinamathela othini noma bluish ngesimo uqweqwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo noqhekeko of izinto ezifile. Ngakho-ke, ngo-ubunjalo ukhunta udlala indima kwabahlengikazi.

kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba umuntu yilezi ezilandelayo abameleli:

• Aspergillus;
• Penicillium;
• "Bola Noble";
• "Bola Noble".

Bonke - abambe iqhaza ngokugcwele inqubo ukulungiswa ushizi ezingavamile futhi okumnandi, iwayini, izithasiselo zokudla, imithi elwa namagciwane, kanye nezinye izinto ezibalulekile.

Mucor

I ejwayelekile kakhulu ummeleli we umzimba okukhulunywa - Mucor. ukhunta Unicellular ukuthi likhulu ngokwanele ekhelini mycelium wakhiwa cell eyodwa kuphela. Ngodonga kuye. It libhekisela isikhunta umnyango Zygomycetes.

Ngokuthi ewusizo, yaleli ukhunta nzima, ngoba impumelelo yayo main - spoilage kanye kumiswa mucormycosis eziningi. Nokho, abanye namanje esetshenziswa indoda ngokwenza "imvubelo Chinese". Lena imvubelo ekhethekile, esebenza ukulungiswa ukudla okuthile. Ngokwesibonelo, soy ushizi. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-Mucor iwumthombo enzyme nemithi elwa namagciwane.

Ngesisekelo idatha kanye nemikhiqizo isikhunta koloni ukwakha enamathela Fluffy ka beige kanye grey, ngokusobala akachazeki ngokubona okubonakala ngeso lenyama.

imvubelo

Ukuze isikhunta unicellular zihlanganisa omele ezifana nemvubelo ukhunta. Nokho, la magciwane kufanele abhekwe njengendoda yesibili owumphumela, ngoba bahlala mnogopochkuyuschimisya amakoloni. I mycelium of unicellular ngamunye ummeleli, ngaphandle ngodonga. Kodwa eduze co-khona amafomu amaningi okwenza umuntu acabange eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi.

Ngokuvamile, imvubelo - amakhowe ewusizo kakhulu. Akubona bonke, yebo, noma kunjalo iningi labo. Ngakho, abantu baye bazisebenzisa lezi zindlela kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo ukuze ukubhaka izinkwa, ukwenza ukukhiqizwa iwayini utshwala. Enye ayizinkulungwane 6. Iminyaka BC. e. lezi esetshenziswa eGibhithe, yonke indawo.

Isinkwa kubhakwe kuhlanganiswe nanoma izinsalela ngemvubelo endala. Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni umuntu angakwazi isiko, kwaba ngempela kucacile futhi zofuzo iyunifomu. Ngakho namuhla kukhona "idwala" imvubelo ukuthi azidalwanga kwemvelo ngokwemvelo futhi zibangelwa izinto ezenziwa abantu.

Kuvele isici esithakazelisayo imvubelo ukuthi izimuncagazi facultative. Lokho, phambi oxygen kubo ukuphefumula ngokukhululekile, ukukhulula-carbon dioxide. Kodwa futhi ngaphansi kwezimo anaerobic elahlekile, oxidizing ushukela (ukuvutshelwa).

Imihlobo ehlukeneko imvubelo ukusisingatha substrate engalingani. Abanye uma lwalungabola ushukela, hexoses. Kodwa bakhona labo ukuthi ziphathwa hhayi kuphela ama-carbohydrate, kodwa futhi amaprotheni, lipids, carboxylic acid.

Human labo imikhiqizo ebalulekile zikhishwa ngenxa msebenzi obalulekile idatha isikhunta. okungukuthi:

• diacetyl;
• utshwala isoamyl;
• uwoyela fusel;
• dimethyl sulfide, nabanye.

Inhlanganisela yalawo izinto inquma izinga lemikhiqizo. Lokhu ngqo kubonakala e impahla yayo organoleptic.

abameleli ezidlayo unicellular isikhunta

Phakathi izimuncagazi eziyingozi kakhulu yiwo owumphumela ezibangela izifo fungal kubantu nasezilwaneni, kanye ezihlukahlukene mkhuba futhi ukubola ezitshalweni.

1. Trichophyton futhi mikrosporum - zinhlobo ezimbili ezibangela izifo ezingathi sína kwababhemayo isikhumba kubantu.
2. Fungus bohlobo lwe-Candida - candidiasis adala izifo.
3. Dermatophytes - isikhunta nezinye izinto ezibanga izifo we ipuleti nail - onychomycosis.
4. Piedra, ekzofila, malaziza - kubangele ulele ezahlukene phezu izingxenye zomzimba.
5. Black ukhunta Hari kubangela isifo, esizibonakalisa namabala amnyama nolimi awabantu nawezilwane.
6. Phytophthora - ukhunta kuyingozi ukuthi ithelela nezitshalo kubangela ukwakheka abamnyama bola izimpande namaqabunga.

Futhi lena ingxenye yohlu labo abamele abangekho pathogenic, elimazayo futhi onobungozi kakhulu empilweni kanye nezitshalo.

Iqhaza isikhunta owumphumela ngokwemvelo

Uma ubhekana nenselele plan onjalo: "Chaza indima isikhunta owumphumela," into yokuqala okufanele ibe ukuhlonza zonke izinzuzo ezifanayo. kakade Sishilo amaningi kuwo:

• Zisetshenziswa embonini chemical;
• ukudla;
• asetshenziselwa ukulungiswa okuphakelayo wezolimo;
• Ziyakwazi decomposers engokwemvelo udaba eziphilayo, okungukuthi, abahlengikazi nabanye.

Kodwa futhi akufanele sikhohlwe mayelana nebubi, zazo zikhona amaningi. Phela, iningi isikhunta unicellular - eziphilayo yisinanakazana.