Ukuhwamuka - ... Le nqubo inguquko isigaba into besesimweni uketshezi a umusi

Izwe elisizungezile njalo njalo kuyinto ezihlukahlukene omkhulu imihlola ngokomzimba ezahlukene nezinqubo. Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke angabhekwa inqubo yokuhwamuka. Kukhona izimfanelo eziningana ezibangela lokhu mkhuba. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ngalinye kulawa kabanzi.

Kuyini ukuhwamuka?

Le nqubo ukuguqulwa kwezinto esimweni gaseous noma ububi ngentukuthelo. Kuyinto isici kuphela ketshezi ukungaguquguquki izinto. Nokho, into efana is ebonwe eziqinile, kodwa lokhu mkhuba ubizwa ngokuthi Sublimation. Lokhu kungabonwa yiwo wonke ngokuqaphelisisa yemizimba. Ngokwesibonelo, ibha insipho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bome futhi iqala ukwambula, kungokuba le amaconsi amanzi e ngezithako zawo shabalala futhi babe H gaseous ₂ O.

Kunquma physics

Ukuhwamuka - kuyinto inqubo endothermic lapho ugxile umthombo wamandla kuyinto ukushisa isigaba inguquko. Kuhlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili:

• othile inani ukushisa adingekayo ukunqoba amandla asemangqamuzaneni ezikhangayo, uma kukhona igebe phakathi molecule eziboshiwe;
• ukufudumeza ukunwetshwa ezidingekayo ngesikhathi ukusebenza kwe-molecule e-ukuguqulwa kwezinto uketshezi umusi noma igesi.

Kwenzeka kanjani lokhu?

Inguquko kusuka into ewuketshezi esimweni gaseous singenzeka ngezindlela ezimbili:

1. Ukuhwamuka - yinqubo lapho izidakamizwa uketshezi amangqamuzana ebusweni shabalala.
2. Abilayo - inqubo vaporization we uketshezi ngokulungisa lokushisa kanye ethize ukushisa izinto abilayo.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi zombili lezi zenzakalo uguqule into ewuketshezi ibe igesi, kunomehluko obalulekile phakathi kwazo. Abilayo - inqubo esebenzayo, okuyinto eyenziwa kuphela ezingeni lokushisa ethile, kuyilapho vaporization kwenzeka ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo. Omunye umehluko ukuthi isici abilayo salo lonke mass okusamanzi futhi lomkhuba yesibili ivela kuphela ebusweni izinto eziwuketshezi.

Yamamolekhula-kinetic imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukuhwamuka

Uma sicabangela le nqubo ezingeni yamangqamuzana, kunjengoba kulandela:

1. La ma-molecule e-izinto liquid e njalo ezinyakazayo senhlekelele, konke ngesivinini ezahlukene kakhulu. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izinhlayiya bakhangane ngenxa amabutho gravity. Njalo lapho bayoshayisana nomunye, antjintje sivinini yabo. Ngesinye isikhathi esededelwe, abanye ukuthuthukisa isivinini eliphezulu kakhulu, okuvumela ukuba unqobe amandla adonsela phansi.
2. Lezi zici, okwakukhona phezu ketshezi abe energy kinetic ukuthi inganqoba izibopho aphakathi futhi ukushiya ketshezi.
3. Lezi zinhlayiya kukhona esheshayo sasikhipha ebusweni ketshezi woketshezi, le nqubo ithatha indawo ngokuqhubekayo futhi njalo.
4. Uma emoyeni, bona siguqulelwa umusi - ibizwa ngokuthi vaporization.
5. Ngenxa yalokho, amandla isilinganiso kinetic izinhlayiya asele abe ezincane. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kwenzeka uketshezi lwaluyophola. Ngiseyingane safundiswa ukushaya ketshezi ashisayo ukwenza kube more cool. It kuvela ukuthi siye asheshisa inqubo yokuhwamuka yamanzi, kanye nokwehla kwezinga lokushisa ishesha kakhulu.

Iziphi izindaba?

Kukhona izimo eziningi ezidingekayo ukuvela yale nqubo. Ivela nomaphi izinhlayiya amanzi akhona: kungcono amachibi, izilwandle, imifula, zonke izinto ezimanzi, ihlanganisa izidumbu zabantu nezilwane nabantu, bona kanye amaqabunga izitshalo. It lingahunyushwa baphetha ukuthi ukuhwamuka - lena kubaluleke kakhulu futhi esisemqoka inqubo jikelele futhi akubo bonke abahlala.

Nazi izinto ukuthi zibe nomthelela lokhu mkhuba:

1. Izinga ukuhwamuka incike yokwakheka uketshezi uqobo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngamunye wabo izici zayo siqu. Ngokwesibonelo, labo izinto ezithinta ukushisa engezansi vaporization, izoguqulelwa ngokushesha. Ake siqhathanise izinqubo ezimbili: ukuhwamuka utshwala kanye amanzi avamile. Esimweni sokuqala ushintsho ku isimo gaseous Kuyashesha, ngoba enthalpy ka vaporization utshwala ivela 837 kJ / kg, futhi amanzi cishe kathathu enkulu - 2260 kJ / kg.
2. Izinga futhi incike lokushisa kokuqala ketshezi:, kwakheka emikhulu kuba ngokushesha ngentukuthelo is. Njengoba isibonelo, ukuthatha ingilazi yamanzi, lapho ingaphakathi isikepe amanzi abilayo, le ukuhwamuka kwenzeka ngesivinini kakhulu zibe zingenayo lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi ingaphansi.
3. Esinye isici sokunquma ngesilinganiso ukugeleza le nqubo - kuyinto endaweni ebusweni ketshezi. Khumbula ukuthi isobho elishisayo epholisa ipuleti ngokushesha ububanzi elikhulu ukwedlula esosweni encane.
4. I velocity esiphelweni izidakamizwa emoyeni kakhulu inquma ngesilinganiso ukuhwamuka, isb. E. Kwenzeka ngokushesha kunokuba okusheshayo, ngokushesha iyona ukuhwamuka. Ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi imimoya enamandla amanzi ngeke shabalala ebusweni emachibini, emifuleni kanye amadamu.
5. Amazinga Igumbi nakho kufeza indima ebalulekile. Imininingwane engeziwe mayelana nalokhu kuzoxoxwa ngezansi.

Iyini indima nomswakama?

Ngenxa inqubo ukuhwamuka senzeka ngokuqhubekayo futhi njalo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi, emoyeni njalo iqukethe izinhlayiya amanzi. Ifomu yamangqamuzana zivela njengeqembu izakhi H ₂ O. I uketshezi kungenzeka shabalala kuncike inkomba yamavolumu umhwamuko emkhathini, futhi lokhu isilinganiso libizwa nomswakama. Kuyinto zezinhlobo ezimbili:

1. umswakama nesihlobo - isilinganiso nenani umhwamuko emoyeni a elihlale umusi kwabantu ngesikhathi lokushisa efanayo iphesenti. Ngokwesibonelo, isibalo sabantu 100% kubonisa ukuthi umkhathi ugcwele elihlale ngokuphelele molecule H ₂ O.
2. I kwabantu ngokuphelele ephawula Umhwamuko uhamba emoyeni, luchazwa ngegama f, futhi ibonisa lokho mass amangqamuzana awuketshezi eziqukethwe 1 m ³ emoyeni.

Ukuxhumana emoyeni futhi umswakama ukuhwamuka inqubo kungaba azimisele kanje. The ephansi Inkomba umswakama isihlobo, ngokushesha lo ukuhwamuka kuzokwenzeka kusukela phansi noma ezinye izinto.

Ukuhwamuka izinto ezihlukahlukene

izinto ezahlukene, le nqubo kwenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, utshwala vaporization ngokushesha ukwedlula eziwuketshezi kakhulu ngenxa ukushisa kwalo ezincane ezithile vaporization. Ngokuvamile enjalo izinto eziwuketshezi ngokuthi oluyingozi ngoba umhwamuko nezwi lantambama kuzo cishe nganoma yisiphi lokushisa.

Utshwala ingaphinda vaporized ngisho emazingeni okushisa okuvamile. Phakathi ukupheka iwayini noma vodka utshwala uphoqelekile ngokusebenzisa ama-apharathasi ukwenziwa, kuphela ukufinyelela abilayo, kuba cishe elilingana 78 degrees. Nokho, izinga lokushisa langempela le utshwala ngeke shabalala kancane xaxa, ngoba umkhiqizo kokuqala (isib Braga) kuba kwakwakhe nge amafutha ezihlukahlukene ezibalulekile namanzi.

Ukufingqa kanye Sublimation

Lo mkhuba kulandela kungabonakala nasemkhakheni njalo amanzi amathumba e embizeni. Sicela wazi ukuthi uma abilayo izinguquko amanzi kusuka uketshezi esimweni gaseous. Lokhu kwenzeka ngale ndlela: jet hot umusi ngesikhathi Isivinini esiphakeme asebenza ezintweni ezivela iketela lomhlanga ekhaleni lakhe. Kulokhu, umusi okuholela akulungile abonakalayo nganoma ophumayo we umlomo wombhobho, futhi ibangana kuye. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukufingqa, t. E. Water umusi iwukufingqwa ngezinga lokuba okubonakalayo emehlweni ethu.

Amanzi ayahwamuka Solid ngokuthi Sublimation. Ngakho bedlula kusukela gaseous isimo aggregate, ngokudlula esigabeni ketshezi. I idume kunazo zonke Sublimation lihlotshaniswa ice zinhlayiya. Ifomu yokuqala ice kuyinto okuqinile at okushisa ngenhla 0 ° iqala igcwale amanzi, ukuthatha isimo uketshezi. Nokho, kwezinye izimo ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi, ice wabe umusi ifomu, ngokudlula esigabeni ketshezi.

Umthelela ukuhwamuka emzimbeni womuntu

Ukuhwamuka yenzeka emzimbeni wethu thermoregulation. Le nqubo ithatha indawo ngokusebenzisa uhlelo self-lwaluyophola. Ngosuku olushisayo sultry, umuntu wahlanganyela zabasebenzi ethize ngokomzimba, kuba kushisa kakhulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi-ke kwandisa amandla yangaphakathi. Futhi njengoba wazi, ezingeni lokushisa ngenhla 42 ° amaprotheni egazini womuntu uqala ihlule, uma isikhathi akagcini inqubo, lokho kuyoholela ekufeni.

uhlelo Self-ukupholisa ahlelwe ngakho nje ukuze ulungise lokushisa ukuphila okuvamile. Lapho izinga lokushisa iba ovumelekile esiphezulu, ngokusebenzisa ezimbotsheni le womjuluko asebenzayo iqala isikhumba. Bese nge ebusweni isikhumba iyasha, edonsa amandla ngokweqile emzimbeni. Ngamanye amazwi, lo ukuhwamuka - inqubo obusiza Ukupholisa ngomoya umzimba esimweni saso esivamile.