"Isikole-Athene" kwakhiwa: incazelo eqoshiwe. Rafael uSanti, "The School of Athens"

Santi Rafaello wazalwa ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli 1483 abahlala engxenyeni ephakathi ye-Italy. Ngokuvamile igama lakhe kwakuzwakala ngendlela isiLatini njengolimi Sanzio noma Santius. Umdwebi yena, ngokuletha isignesha yakhe imidwebo, wasebenzisa inguqulo Latinized yegama lakhe - Rafael. Ngaphansi kwalo igama eyaduma emhlabeni wonke. emikhulu wakhe Umfanekiso "Isikole Athens 'wayaziwa ngisho nakulabo Sikude kakhulu emhlabeni of buciko.

Izinyathelo zokuqala ubuciko

Ngisho nalapho ngiseyingane Rafaello wayazi ukuthi kungaba umculi. ucwaningo lwakhe lokuqala in umdwebo zenzeka ngaphansi kokuqondisa uyise - Giovanni uSanti. Kanye izifundo umzali master esizayo kahle inqubo ye Umdwebo Timoteo Viti - eyaziwa ngalezo zinsuku umculi Umbrian. Lapho uSanti Jr. engu-16 ubudala, wathunyelwa ngiqeqeshwe ukuze Pietro Vannuchi. Ngaphansi kwethonya lo muntu Rafael safinyelela eziphakemeyo amakhono kweqiniso futhi kahle amasu eziyisisekelo ngalobu buciko.

ekuseni kakhulu, bobusha Raphael imidwebo - imidwebo emithathu: "Uyingelosi Enkulu UMikayeli, eshaya uSathane" (manje usebenza e-Paris), "Iphupho Knight" (endaweni embukisweni - London) kanye "Amathathu azibeke" (uyisiphephelo sakhe sokugcina - Chantilly). Iqala kanjalo-ke i-career Rafael uSanti. "Isikole Athens" yavela lapho umlobi eneminyaka engu-25.

Okukhulu kunakho we nemidwebo

Rafael wafika Lomuzi Waphakade e 1508. Lapha wamenywa uPapa uJulius II. Lapha umculi kwadingeka ukupenda esiteshini (amahholo zemikhosi) Vatican Palace. Esigaba della Senyatura Raphael ukuthi ngesineke, wedlula izithombe olunothile ezindaweni ezine umsebenzi engqondo yomuntu: "Phikisa" (imfundiso yenkolo), "The School of Athens" (nefilosofi), "Parnassus" (tinkondlo) kanye "Ukuhlakanipha, Kala Force" (umthetho). A womculo zaveza ophahleni imidwebo, ukugqagqana ngemibono kwengoma eziyisisekelo nasekufakazeni incazelo waseBhayibhelini, basezinganekwaneni futhi ngendlela engokomfanekiso.

Umdwebo "Isikole Athens" luye lwaba owumthombo ubukhulu ifilosofi nesayensi. Paradigm eziyisisekelo eqoshiwe - lokhu ingenye imibono ebaluleke kakhulu abaphika. It kungenziwa cishe kanje ithuba ukuvumelana phakathi kwamagatsha ezahlukene isayensi nefilosofi. Nemengamo ezinhle wobuciko yezakhiwo ehlotshiswe amaqembu ososayensi nezazi zefilosofi yaseGrisi yasendulo.

"Isikole Athens" (Rafael). incazelo

Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange imidwebo ezingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu okubonisa izibalo. Ngo maphakathi Umfanekiso ibekwe Aristotle uPlato. Okuwo ukuhlakanipha basendulo nokujamela izikole ezimbili umcabango. UPlato ukhomba esibhakabhakeni ngomunwe wakho, no-Aristotle eselula isandla sakhe phezu kwezwe. Warrior, egqoke isigqoko - kuba Aleksandr Makedonsky. Walalela ngokucophelela kuya USocrates omkhulu, futhi egoba iminwe zakhe phezu kwezandla zakhe, etshela isimanga. Ohlangothini lwesobunxele, eduze izitebhisi, ezungezwe abafundi Pythagoras, omatasa ngokuxazulula izinkinga zezibalo. "Isikole-Athene" kwakhiwa futhi wathola indawo esingumGreki, okuyinto Raphael ababethi umqhele amaqabunga umvini.

Ngoba isithombe Michelangelo umculi wakhetha indlela Heraclitus, futhi zaveza kuye ngokuthi ungumuntu, osizweni cube ehlezi ukuma obujulayo. On the izitebhisi ihlala uDiogenes. Ilungelo kuyinto Euclid elinganisa okuthile sibalo Jomethri nge caliper. onyathela wokugibela - Lena esigabeni lapho kukhona kahle iqiniso. inkampani Euclid zaba uPtolemy (ephethe imbulunga ezandleni zakhe) kanye Zoroaster (ebambe one kwesibhakabhaka). Ukuze ilungelo labo kuyinto sibalo Rafael, ubuka izilaleli.

nezinye izinhlamvu

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi "School of Athens" - a Umfanekiso ka nezinhlamvu ezingaphezu kuka-50 kuwo umuzwa ukudlala futhi spaciousness nobuntu uSanti imikhuba. Ngaphandle izibalo ngenhla, iwebhu zomphakathi kanye nezinhlamvu ezifana Spekvsipp (nefilosofi, ukuboniswa ngesilevu kanye brown Toga) Meneksen (nefilosofi, abagqoke Toga luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) Xenocrates (nefilosofi, Toga ezimhlophe). Futhi, kukhona Pythagoras lasuselwa encwadini ezandleni zakhe, eKrethe (zokugqoka pink), Diagoras ka Melos - imbongi shirtless, nezinye izibalo zomlando.

Njengazo zonke yobuciko emhlabeni, "The School of Athens" akwaziwa emphakathini ambalwa izibalo. Ngakho, akekho owaziyo umuntu okhonjiswa ku-mural ngomlenze owodwa, futhi ongumnikazi emuva ingubo pink. Kodwa umculi ozithandayo kulula ukubona: limelela Hypatia.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo ethi "School of Athens"

Mavesi eVatican zaveza ubuhlakani Rafael iminyaka eyishumi - kusukela 1508 kuya 1518. Santi yena emsebenzini iminyaka emine kuphela (1508-1512). Zonke lonke womculo Umdwebo kwenziwe abafundi ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwakhe. Kukhona omunye ithuba, kodwa ngengozi ethakazelisayo engase iminyaka emine ukusebenza Rafael phezu esiteshini, futhi inani elifanayo iminyaka wasebenza phezu eSistine ophahleni by Michelangelo.

Igama nemidwebo abadumile ngo-Raphael akuzona. zomlando bathi ekuqaleni isithombe wazala igama "ifilosofi." "Isikole Athens" - igama awuhambisani ngokugcwele nalokho kuboniswa ku-canvas. Umdwebo ngaphezu zefilosofi Athens, kunabantu abaningi abangakaze ezimpilweni zabo bekungakabhekwana kuleli dolobha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Umfanekiso iqukethe abameleli bobudala obungefani abahlala emazweni ahlukahlukene, futhi ngenxa yalokho abazange nethuba ukuhlangabezana ndawonye ngesikhathi esifanayo.

Ukufa umculi omkhulu

Waphila iminyaka engu-37 kuphela, 6 Apreli 1520 (usuku lokuzalwa kwakhe) washona omkhulu Rafael uSanti. "Isikole-Athene" kwakhiwa futhi ikhona amakhulu eminyaka. Lasemhlabeni khona womculo yayikhaliphe sikubeke, njengomuntu inkanyezi enomsila. Kodwa lokhu isiphetho isikhathi esabelwe kwakwanele ukuba mayelana Raphael ukukhunjulwa njengombulali umculi enkulu Yenguquko.

Santi ngokufa okuzumayo, yena waphazanyiswa ukubangisana geniuses emibili emikhulu kunayo isikhathi sakhe. Bobabili waba nengxenye umhlobiso kanye kudalwa iVatican. Sikhuluma Raphael noMichelangelo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wabo kwakungu amadala uSanti, yena waphila isikhathi eside ukudlula kuye ngeminyaka abaningi.

Raphael wafa ngaso eRoma, futhi umlotha walo angcwatshwe honours ababe uyakufanelekela Kulomkhakha wekuvuselela ubuhlakani okungenakuqhathaniswa uhlamvu. Kwakungekho umculi ababengeke wachitha uhambo lokugcina nombhali "School of Athens" kodwa bakhala ngokuthi womculo.