I-Dementia: iminyaka emingaki ehlala? I-dementia asebekhulile: izimpawu, izigaba zokuthuthukiswa kanye nezinhlobo zezifo

Ekugugeni abantu abaningi banenkinga yokucabanga, inkumbulo, ingqondo kanye nenkulumo, ecatshangelwa yizinguquko emangqamuzaneni emangqamuzana phakathi kwamangqamuzana e-cortex ye-cerebral ebangelwa izimbangela ezihlukahlukene. Futhi uma kukhulunywa kakhulu ngalezi zinguquko, kakhulu kunesifo sengqondo esibi kakhulu, esibizwa ngemithi ngokucindezeleka komqondo. Umuntu osekhulile ulahlekelwa ulwazi olutholakala kuphela, ulwazi, ikhono lokufunda, kodwa nobuntu bakhe.

Mayelana nalokho, ngenxa yalokho okubangelwa khona ukuwohloka komqondo, kungakanani iminyaka ehlala nalokhu kuhlolisiswa, nokuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zalesi sifo sokubukeka, sizokhuluma kanjani kulesi sihloko.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwengqondo

Ukuqaphela ukuthi umuntu osekhulile ohlala eduze kwakhe, ukushintsha imikhuba, umlingiswa kanye nokukwazi ukuxhumana, izihlobo ziqala ukukhathazeka, zesaba isimo esibi kunazo zonke - ukuwohloka komqondo okuphelele kakhulu, okungukuthi, njengombuso, kuwuphawu lokufa komuntu ongumdabu. Ingabe kunjalo? Ukushesha ukuguga kwengqondo kusheshe kangakanani?

Ukuze uqonde lokhu, kuyadingeka ukunquma ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lokudemeka kwengqondo okudingeka luhlangabezane nalo. Kuzokwelapha, kunezigaba ezihlukene zalezi zifo. Futhi njengoba kungesiyo isifo esizimele, ngakho-ke, kuye ngokuthi inkinga eyimbangela eyabangela, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zokwabelana ngentsholongwane:

• Ukubukeka kwe-Atrophic yesifo (okwenziwe yisifo se-Alzheimer's noma i-Peak's), okwenzeka ngokumelene nesizinda sokuphendula okuqala kokulimala okwenzeka kumaseli wesistimu yezinzwa eziphakathi.
• I-Vascular, ebangelwa ukuphefumula kwe-atherosclerosis nomfutho wegazi ophezulu. Kwenzeka ngokuphathelene nokwephula ukujikeleza kwegazi ebuchosheni.
• Uhlobo oluxubile - ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo kunamasu afana naso kokubili okuthandwa yi-atrophic and vascular.

Izimbangela zokucindezeleka komqondo

Izinkinga ezichazwe zingaqala umphumela wazo wokulimala kokubili ngenxa yendlela yokuguga yemvelo yemvelo, kanye nezifo zangaphakathi, izifo zegciwane le-thyroid, izifo ze-neurological and vascular (njenge-ischemia, i-hypertension ye-arterium, i-atherosclerosis, njll).

Ukuzitika ngokweqile ngotshwala noma izidakamizwa kungashukumisela umzimba ukuba ushintshe ukuguquka kwamathambo. Umphumela wokulimaza unomuthi ongapheli onobuthi obuyingozi emakhemikhali.

Izibhamu, izicubu kanye nokulimala kwekhanda nazo ziyakwazi ukuphula ukuxhumeka kwe-neural okuzogcina kuholele ekucindezelekeni komqondo.

Kodwa-ke, amacala alotshiwe lapho izimbangela zesifo sengqondo sokungaboni kahle komqondo azikho ekugugeni ngokwemvelo noma ngezifo ezifakwe ohlwini, kodwa ekudleni kwemithi. Ezimweni ezinjalo, inqubo ishintsha, uma unciphisa inani noma ukhansela izidakamizwa ezinjalo.

I-dementia ngenxa yesifo se-Alzheimer's

Ngokuvamile, izimbangela ezibangelwa ukuthuthukiswa komqondo owohloka komzimba zifihliwe emonakalweni womhlaba walezo zindawo zobuchopho obangela ukucabanga nokukhumbula umuntu. Futhi okuvamile phakathi kwabo kuyimbangela yokuwohloka komqondo kwe-Alzheimer's, okungukuthi, ukuguga komqondo okuvela ngenxa yezinqubo ezishintshayo ezenzweni ze-neurons nokubhujiswa kwezixhumanisi ze-synaptic.

Phakathi nalesi sifo, ama-amyloid (amaprotheni) ama-plaque akhiwa ngamangqamuzana omzimba wengqondo yesiguli, kanye nama-neurofibrillary tangles, okugcina ekubangela ukufa kwala maseli. Izingosi ezithinta izifo ngenxa yilezi zinqubo ze-atrophy, futhi ukulimala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuthatha lonke ubuchopho, futhi le nqubo, yebo, ayinakuphika.

I-dementia ye-Alzheimer ikhula kanjani?

Zonke izigaba zesifo sengqondo se-Alzheimer's disease zibhekene ngokuyinhloko ngokukhushulwa kokuphazanyiswa kwesikhashana esifushane, kanti ukuqhubekela phambili kuqhubeka, nangokunciphisa izintshisekelo, ukungabi namandla okwanele, ukungaqiniseki, ukungahambi kahle, ukuphuza ukucabanga nokusebenza kwezimoto, ukucasula.

Kamuva, iziguli zithola ukungaqondi kahle izenzakalo ezizungezile, zingaphinda ziphindise lokhu isikhathi eside, zingaphatheli kahle abanye, zingabonakali - zodwa. Futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bangakwazi ukuhlakulela imibono kanye nama-hallucation.

Ingqikithi ye-dementia kuleli cala ihambisana nokuqina komfutho wegazi kanye nokwephulwa kokulawula ukuchama nokulungiswa kwamathumbu. Kungase kube nokuhlukunyezwa kwesithuthwane.

Bangaki abahlala nalolu hlobo lokudemeka kwengqondo, kuxhomeke kwizizathu eziningi, futhi ngokwesilinganiso lokhu sekuyiminyaka engaba ngu-6, kodwa inqubo ingadla isikhathi eside seminyaka engama-20. Njengomthetho, umphumela obulalayo ubangelwa izifo ezihamba phambili (eziyimpumelelo) eziye zavela ngemuva kwesizinda somqondo we-dementia.

Isifo se-Alzheimer, ngokusho kwezibalo, yiyona imbangela yokuwohloka komqondo ku-70% wamacala aqoshiwe. Kodwa, ngeshwa, akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi lesi sifo singashukumisela ekuthuthukiseni ukukhulelwa komqondo.

I-dementia ye-Vascular: izimbangela nezimpawu

Ngokuphathelene nesifo se-cerebral disorders, i-dementia ye-vascular develops iyaqala. Kubantu asebekhulile, njengoba sekushiwo kakade, kungabangela ukuqina kwesifo somzimba, isifo somfutho wegazi ophakeme, ischaemia ye-cerebral vascular, ishyemmia, ukukhubazeka kwenhliziyo, i-pathologies ye-valves yenhliziyo, noma i-blood lipids ephezulu. Ngendlela, ebantwini besilisa isimo esithile sokuthi isimo se-vascular dementia siphezulu isikhathi esisodwa nesigamu esiphakeme kunalabo besifazane.

Esikhathini sokuqala sezibonakaliso zesifo zivezwa ngokucasuka, ukukhathala okwedlulele, ukuphazamiseka kokulala, ukuphelelwa yisisu nokukhanda ikhanda. Imizwa yokuhlakazeka nokucindezeleka ihlelekile.

Esikhathini esizayo, isiguli saphazamisekile inkumbulo. Lokhu kuboniswa ngokudideka, kanye nokukhohlwa amagama, izinsuku, njalonjalo.

Ngendlela, indlela ukuwohloka kwe-dementia kuqhubeka ngayo, kungakanani iminyaka iziguli ezixilongwa ngayo ziphila, kuncike ekutheni ngabe kunesifo emlandweni wabo. Kulokhu, isikhathi sokuphila sancishiswa kakhulu. Izimpawu ze-neurological zalesi sifo yi: hemiparesis, ukuqina, ukukhathazeka kwenkulumo, ukugwinya, ukuhamba nokuhamba.

Angikwazi yini ukuphuthelwa kokuqala kokuncipha kwengqondo? Izimpawu zesifo

Ngeshwa, izigaba zokuqala zokudemuka kwengqondo okuqhubekayo akunakwenzeka ukubamba, ngoba kuyinkqubo ende futhi ephuthumayo engahlala iminyaka engu-10-15. Umuntu kancane kancane ukhumbuza lokho okwenzeka kamuva, kodwa kukhona izinkumbulo zemicimbi edlule.

I-dementia kulabo asebekhulile ibonakala ikakhulu ngokulahlekelwa kokufunda nokufunda ikhono. Iziguli zinzima kakhulu ukuhamba ngesikhala nesikhathi. Futhi ngokushesha kuvela ukuthi sekuvele kunzima kakhulu ukuba bakhethe amagama afanele, futhi inkulumo yabo ihlupheke kakhulu. Ngendlela, akukho izinkinga ezingezansi ezenzekayo ekusebenzeni ngezinombolo.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abanye abantu, isikhathi eside, bakwazi ukufihla izici zobuntu be-dementia, ukugwema izenzo eziyinkimbinkimbi (isibonelo, ukuhlola ku-checkbook). Futhi ubanika isithakazelo esinciphise kakhulu ekufundeni nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lomsebenzi. Labo abangakwazi ukuvuselela izimpilo zabo bazithola besesimweni esinzima, njengoba bengenamandla amancane okwenza imisebenzi yansuku zonke - abantu bavame ukukhohlwa ngezinto ezibalulekile noma baziphathe ngokungalungile.

Indlela Uqala Ngayo I-Dementia

Yiqiniso, ukuthuthukiswa kwengqondo nokuphila kwesikhathi nalesi sifo kuncike ezimbangela ezihlukahlukene: isimo sezempilo, izifo ezedlule, izici zomuntu siqu, isimo sengqondo sabanye nokunye okuningi. Kodwa uma sikhuluma ngezibonakaliso zesifo sonke, khona-ke singakwazi ukuhlukanisa ezinye izici ezivamile zenguquko ezenzeka kumuntu:

• Ngokuvamile, izinguquko esimweni sesiguli zibonakala ngokuphawulekayo. Ukwandisa izimfanelo zawo zomuntu siqu, isibonelo, ukuhlukumezeka kukhula, nokubekezela - kube inkani.
• Kuya kuba nzima ngomuntu, noma kunalokho, akunakwenzeka ukushintsha umbono ocacisiwe wezenzakalo. Uthuthukisa i-conservatism.
• Izinqubo ezicatshangelwayo ziyanda.
• Ngokuvamile, lezi zibonakaliso ezibalwe zilandelwa ukwephulwa kwemikhuba yokuziphatha (iziguli ezinomqondo wokulahleka komqondo zilahlekelwa umuzwa wazo wehlazo, umqondo womsebenzi, izimfanelo zabo ezingokomoya kanye nezithakazelo ezibalulekile ziyasuswa).

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinguquko ezibonakalayo esimweni sememori kanye nokuphazanyiswa kokumiswa kwesikhashana nendawo kuyaqala. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi isikhathi eside izici zokuziphatha, ukuthinta nokukhuluma komuntu othize kuhlale kungashintshi.

Isigaba sokugcina sokuthuthukiswa komqondo we-dementia

Njengoba wazi, ukuqedwa okusheshayo kwesiguli kwenzeka esikhathini sokugcina, esigabeni esinzima sesifo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwesifo sengqondo somzimba ngalesi sikhathi kubonakala ukuthuthumela kweminwe, ukwephulwa kokubambisana nokuqedwa, ukukhathala. Inkulumo yesiguli iyaba masinyane, futhi ulwazi ngaye ngokwayo luba yincenye.

Umuntu osekhulile kulesi sizwe akasakwazi ukuzinakekela ngaphandle kosizo, adle futhi agcine imithetho yokuqala yokuhlanzeka. Ezigulini eziningi kukhona ukwephula inqubo yokuchama. Kungaba kokubili izinqubo eziqhubekayo, futhi ukungahambisani okungalawulwa kwe-urinary.

Lesi sifo siphuthuma ukuphila kwalabo abagulayo, ngenxa yokuthi esigabeni esinzima sokucindezeleka isiguli asisakwazi ukubika udokotela, ngaphezu kwalokho, kubantu asebekhulile, umkhuhlane noma i-leukocytosis ngokuvamile ayihlali njengempendulo yokutheleleka. Udokotela kuleso simo kufanele athembele kuphela ekuqondeni kwakhe nokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe, kodwa, ngeshwa, noma yikuphi ukutheleleka okuhlobene kungabangela ukufa kwalesi siguli.

Izici zenkambo yokuwohloka komqondo okuncane

Ngokuthakazelisayo, lokho okubizwa okuthiwa yi-senile, noma i-senile, ukuwohloka komqondo kubantu asebekhulile kubonisa ngezikhathi ezithile ukuhlukanisa okungafani phakathi kokucindezeleka komzimba kanye nezinhlobo zokuziphatha ezigcinwe kwifomu labo langaphambilini. Isiguli asihlali singaguquki indlela endala yokubamba, ukuzithokozisa, inkulumo efanele, izinkulumo eziphilayo. Konke lokhu kuvame ukudukisa umuntu ongaphandle. Ucabanga ukuthi ukhuluma nomuntu onempilo, futhi umbuzo owenziwa ngengozi kuphela uveza ukuthi umuntu omdala okhuluma ngokuthakazelisayo, etshela izibonelo eziningi ezedlule, akakwazi ukutshela ukuthi uneminyaka emingaki, ngabe unomndeni lapho ehlala khona Uthi manje.

Ukuwohloka komqondo okwejwayelekile kubantu asebekhulile ezimweni eziningi akuhambisani nezimo zengqondo ezitholakala ngesimo sezinthambo zesifo. Yiqiniso, lokhu kuyasiza kakhulu impilo yesiguli yena nomndeni wakhe, ngoba isiguli esinjalo asibangeli inkathazo enkulu endaweni yakhe.

Kodwa ngokuvamile kulesi sigaba seziguli kunezibonakaliso zengqondo, ezihambisana nokuqwashisa noma ukuguquka (ukushintsha ngesikhathi) sokulala. Lezi ziguli zingase zibe nama-corucination, ukusola okubuhlungu, ukushintsha kwemizwelo kuvela emoyeni kuya kobudlova.

Futhi ukucasula zonke lezi zimpawu ezinzima kungashintsha izinga leshukela egazini, amaconsi okucindezela kanye nezinye izinkinga ngesimo sempilo. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuvikela abantu asebekhulile abadibeneyo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezifo ezibili ezingapheli futhi ezinzima.

Okwenza kube lula ukucindezeleka komqondo

Ngisiphi isizathu esenza ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-dementia kudala, kungani kulezi zimo ubuchopho bomuntu buqala ukukhula ngesivinini kunokujwayelekile, kuze kube sekupheleni.

Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ekugugeni kukhona ukwephulwa komthetho wokuzivikela omzimba, okubangela izinqubo ze-autoimmune. Futhi ama-autoantibodies abangela ukulimaza amangqamuzana obuchopho. I-Cerebrospinal fluid, equkethe amaseli avamile angakwazi ukuzivikela edlala indima yokuzivikela, iguqula kakhulu ubudlelwane babo kanye nezakhiwo ekugugeni, okuholela ekuguqulweni kwamathambo esimisweni sezinzwa zomphakathi.

I-dementia kulabo asebekhulile nayo ingenxa yesici sofuzo. Kutholakale ukuthi ingozi yalesi sifo iphakama izikhathi ezingu-4.3 kulawo mindeni lapho sekuvele khona izimo zalesi sifo. Izifo zesifo se-Somatic zingabonisa izimpawu ngaphambi kwalesi sifo socansi, sishintshe isithombe saso futhi siphuthumise inkambo yenkambo, kanti ukuqedwa kwalezi zifo ngesikhathi esifanele kungase kuholele ekuthuthukiseni ukucindezeleka kwengqondo kancane.

Ukulindeleka kokuphila kweziguli ezixilongwa "komqondo" we-"dementia", zilinde iminyaka yobudala

Abacwaningi abavela eNyuvesi yaseCambridge baye basungula ukulindela kokuphila kweziguli ezinokuthola ukuxilongwa "kwe-sentile dementia". Iminyaka emingaki ehlala Iziguli ezinjalo, ngokusho kososayensi, zixhomeke kakhulu ezintweni zangaphandle, kodwa ngokwesilinganiso lokhu kufaka iminyaka engu-4.5-5.

Ngandlela-thile, izibalo ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukuwohloka komqondo ezineminyaka engama-60 kuya kweyengu-69 kwenzeka cishe ngamacala angu-2%, futhi emva kweminyaka engu-80 usuvele usutholakala kubantu abangaba ngu-20% asebekhulile. Lapho uneminyaka engu-90, ingozi yokugula igxila ku-45%.

Nakuba kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lezi zibalo zilinganiselwa kakhulu, ngoba amaphesenti amakhulu abantu asebekhulile abawa ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kwabagula ngengqondo, ngoba abanalo izimo ezingokwengqondo, futhi konke kuhlaselwa ezinkingeni zenkumbulo, ukuhlakanipha nokushintshashintsha kwemizwelo. Iziguli ezinjalo zihlala emindeni, kulula ukuzinakekela, futhi azidala izinkinga ezinkulu ezihlotsheni.

Ekhuluma ukuthi zingaki iziguli eziphilayo ezine-dementia, kufanele kugcizelelwe futhi ukuthi abafileyo basuka kulokhu kutholakala kakhulu kuncane. Lezi zihlanganisa kuphela labo abafa ngenxa yezingozi ezihlobene nezici zesifo. Ngokuyinhloko, ukufa kuvela ngesifo sokushaya noma isifo senhliziyo, ngokuvamile kuvame ukuhambisana nesimo sezinthambo zesifo.

Kuyini ukuchazwa kwesifo sengqondo?

Njengoba abantu abaningi asebekhulile bebajwayele kakhulu, i-pathology echazwe ngokuyinhloko ayinakuphikiswa, futhi imithi yesimanje, ngeshwa, inganciphisa inqubo noma isuse izimpawu ezingathandeki ezibangelwa ukuxilongwa "kwe-dementia".

Iminyaka emingaki ehlala nalesi sifo, kunzima ukusho, ngokwesibonelo, ngokuqhubeka okusheshayo kwefomu le-vascular, umphumela obulalayo kungenzeka ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Isizathu salokhu kuvame ukugula ngezifo ezinjenge-sepsis (ezigulini zombhede) noma i-pneumonia.