Hydrocarbon ayegcwele: izici jikelele, isomers, amakhemikhali izakhiwo

Hydrocarbon - isigaba elula izinto eziningi eziphilayo, amangqamuzana babe ezimbili kuphela zama-athomu ezakhi chemical - carbon ne-hydrogen. Kulaba hydrocarbon ahlukahlukene by izindlela zamagama chemical okulungiselelwe amakilasi amaningi ka organic compounds.

Hydrocarbon zihlukaniswe subclasses ezimbili - acyclic futhi eyindilinga. Ngu-hydrocarbon acyclic, noma okunamafutha hydrocarbon noma hydrocarbon aliphatic, zihlanganisa amaqembu ezilandelayo: hydrocarbon ayegcwele (alkanes), unsaturated (alkenes, alkynes, dienes), terpenes acyclic. Amaqembu hydrocarbon eyindilinga emelelwa cycloparaffins, ezinkundleni kanye terpenes eyindilinga. ngezinye izikhathi Terpenes ukubizwa ngokuthi into cwaningo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali bioorganic.

hydrocarbon ayegcwele (alkanes) - kwakwakhe carbon ne-hydrogen molecule lapho bonke valency ezisele ngemuva uxhumano phakathi ama-athomu carbon kukhona isibopho olulodwa, ayegcwele carbon athomu hydrogen. Zonke alkanes kubhekwe njengento homologues noma izithako ze-methane. Uma i-methane, has a ifomula yamangqamuzana CH4, sisuse umuvo athomu ye-hydrogen Kumiswa kuyizinhlayiyana - CH3 olukhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi esikhathini molecule nemiyo organic efana carbon ngokuvamile tetravalent, ukuxhumana ezizivelelayo ezimbili ezifana kubangela ukubukeka kummeleli uchungechunge homologous yesibili - ethane (C2H6). Uma kwakheka ethane kusukela uthathe esisodwa hydrogen athomu, i ETHYL olukhulu, okwathi ngemva uxhumano lwe-homolog lwesithathu yakha CH3 --propane.

Ukuhlaziya kwesakhiwo ifomula -propane, kulula ukufaka, ukuthi isakhiwo-molecule ayo siqukethe izinhlobo ezimbili zama-athomu carbon - zamabanga aphansi naphezulu. carbon athomu ngalinye eyinhloko nakanjani omunye carbon athomu eyodwa valency yayo, secondary - valencies amabili kuya athomu amabili-carbon. Uma sisuswe eyinhloko carbon athomu hydrogen-propane, propyl eyinhloko kwakhiwa kusukela yesibili - propyl yesibili. Joyina i-samabanga aphansi noma propyl bromide kubangela ukwakheka ukuhlukahluka isakhi homolog lesine. uxhumano ababili akhiwa - iqonde butane evamile futhi isobutane uchungechunge carboxylic branched carbon chain.

hydrocarbon ayegcwele: isakhiwo

Ummeleli ejwayelekile ka alkanes kuyinto methane. ifomula Yamamolekhula CH4. Ukuze ama-molecule alkanes esivamile sigma isibopho. I-molecule e-methane carbon athomu yakha ezine izibopho covalent ngenxa s- p-orbitals amathathu ngamunye athomu a-hydrogen, - ngenxa s-orbitals.

hydrocarbon elihlale: ngesilwane esifuywayo futhi isomerism

Lapho lantambama phandle, ifomula kwesakhiwo yochungechunge homologous methane, i-butane C4H10 njengoba sihlangabezana lo mkhuba isomerism. Ngokwesibonelo, ifomula yamangqamuzana C4H10 ukuhlangabezana compounds ezimbili ngamunye S5N12 - ezintathu. Ngemva kwalokho, inani isomers ne-athomu carbon ku-molecule ye-inyuka alkane. Ngokwesibonelo, ifomula yamangqamuzana S6N14 ukuhlangabezana amafomula ezinhlanu kwesakhiwo, ngokulandelana, we izinto ngazinye, S7N16 - 9 S8N18 - 18, C10H22 - 76 S12N26 - 355. Amalungu ezine zokuqala alkanes - amagesi zangekhulu lesihlanu nambili - ketshezi, kusukela nesithupha - ukudla okuqinile .

izakhiwo Chemical ka hydrocarbon elihlale

Zonke ematisa izinto inert. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuthi molecule alkanes carbon ne-hydrogen-athomu omoya-exhumene sigma izibopho, ngakho-ke lezi zakhi azikwazi ukunamathiselwa hydrogen ama-athomu. Alkanes basabela olukhulu halogenation, nitration, cleavage. Phakathi halogenation halogens kalula kuma-atom esikhundleni e-molecule hydrogen alkane. Lapho nitriding nitro ukufaka endaweni kalula-hydrogen ku ephakeme, kunzima - ku yesibili futhi eyinhloko carbon athomu.

Te futhi hydrocarbon unsaturated kukhona izinto zokusetshenziswa ngokukhiqiza izinto ahlukahlukene organic. Ukuhlukanisa off ama-athomu ye-hydrogen kusukela hydrocarbon elihlale ingatholakala unsaturated (alkenes, alkynes).