Geomorphology - Kuyini ukuthi isayensi? Izisekelo kanye izakhi geomorphology

Bewazi yini ukuthi etadisha geomorphology? Kusukela kakhulu igama layo, ungakwazi ukuqagela ke. Nokho, asikwazi yekhalenda kusuka yencazelo enemininingwane. Khonamanjalo geomorphology - isayensi ngemvelaphi, isakhiwo, kanye namandla okubakhona umlando owayephila ngesikhathi iplanethi yethu ebusweni sendawo. Ngakho, into yokufunda ke - impumuzo. Yilokho geomorphology. Inchazelo letinikwe lapha ngenhla, thina kuzoveza ngokuningiliziwe kulesi sihloko.

Uyini impumuzo?

Sichaza umqondo ukhiye. Impumuzo, okuyinto etadisha geomorphology, isiqalo nesigcino zonke ebusweni maholoholo eMhlabeni, ezahlukene ubudala, imvelaphi, isayizi, simo nokuthuthukiswa kwendaba. Singasho ukuthi lokhu amafomu eziyinkimbinkimbi, kanye isakhiwo esithile Geological, Zichayeke hydrosphere, umkhathi amabutho yangaphakathi kule planethi yethu. Ucwaningo we impumuzo ke kungenzeki, ngaphandle uma othize has umbono ocacile ngokuthi izakhiwo kanye nokwakheka emadwaleni ezenza kube. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukwazi ezithintana ke.

uqweqwe

Ulwazi ungqimba lomhlaba kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi geomorphology ukutadisha. Futhi ngako. I uqweqwe (ie engxenyeni engenhla, futhi yakha impumuzo) kushintsha njalo. Wakhe amabutho umthelela ezibangwa ogeleza hydrosphere nomkhathi izinqubo. ungqimba lomhlaba liwumkhiqizo endogenous izinqubo (ezijulile) ezenzeka ekujuleni iplanethi yethu. Akukho esingakwenza ngeziningi zezinguquko wazibonela impumuzo. Eza ngaphansi kwethonya zonke lezi izinqubo. Kuyini ungqimba lomhlaba? Lakhiwa metamorphic, sedimentary namadwala igneous. Indlela abasabela ngayo ehlukile ukuze amabutho zangaphakathi nezangaphandle nokuwenza.

izici impumuzo

Dead udaba eziphilayo futhi izinto eziphilayo zinezici nomthelela omkhulu izici impumuzo, ku lasungulwa. Lokhu kunomthelela kokubili ngqo, uma udala ethize biogenic emizimbeni Geological noma izinhlobo zosizo, futhi ngokungaqondile lapho kushintshwa zamakhemikhali Izakhiwo yamadwala amanzi kanye nomoya amagobolondo Earth. Phawula ukuthi bobabili ukukhululeka iplanethi ngokwayo, iqoqo evele ukuthi babe emithambekeni abalulekile, cishe ovundlile, ithinta izinqubo geomorphological. Ngokwesibonelo, e-wamathafa-ukuqamba amanga nokukhohlisa ezintabeni zenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukene.

hypsometry impumuzo

Thina ukwethula omunye umqondo - impumuzo hypsometry. Lesi sikhundla ibanga kusengaphambili surface eMhlabeni maqondana kolwandle. Kuphinde kube nomthelela Relief ekwakhekeni, ngokuvamile abangela izinqubo ezingeke ageleze kwenye ezingeni hypsometric. Nasi isibonelo. Izinguzunga Zeqhwa Zase-ngaphansi kwezimo zezulu zamanje kungenzeka esishintshashintshayo bhé, ezishisayo esipholile kuphela nezintaba eziphakeme. Kunamaphuzu amaningana izinqubo siyenzeka kuphela ezansi ulwandle nolwandle imicengezi ezijulile.

Igama elithi "impumuzo" kungenziwa ebekiwe ngesisekelo obekushiwo. Relief - geomorphology into cwaningo, inhlanganisela zonke zeJiyomethri we evele okuyinto akhiwa nokuxhumana eziphilayo uqweqwe, umoya namanzi amagobolondo iplanethi.

izinqubo impumuzo ukwakha

Njengoba uqweqwe uhilelekile kulesi nokuxhumana, futhi sikhuluma semfene surface salo, ukutadisha impumuzo Kunzima ukucabanga ngaphandle ulwazi Sakhiwo sangekhatsi amafomu ukuthi yakha ke. izinqubo Relief-ukwakha kukhona uxhumana ezihlukahlukene futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Noma kunjalo, ngaso sonke isikhathi kwakuhilela amandla adonsela phansi eMhlabeni, njengenye yezingxenye esemqoka. Ngakho-ke, ukuthambekela ebusweni futhi esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu kule geomorphology impumuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "setha" futhi ukushuba zokubonisa ezintweni ezihlukahlukene zangaphandle, amandla adonsela phansi eMhlabeni kunqunywa impumuzo hypsometry.

geomorphology ngokuqondene wesayensi ngaphandle umjikelezo ezindawo

Ngakho, impumuzo - kuba umkhiqizo yentuthuko Geological, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi ingxenye ezindawo ka the landscape. sesimweni esinjalo into sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo isayensi ukhuluma ngesidingo izibopho zayo obuseduze amagatsha anjalo yolwazi njengoba geography ngokomzimba komhlaba. Geomorphology Nokho, hhayi kuphela xhuma nga them. Futhi nawe maduze ukuthi kungani.

Njengoba sishilo, geomorphology - isayensi etadisha sezwe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi unendawo yakhe ekhethekile isakhiwo Zomhlaba. Iqiniso lokuthi impumuzo kokubili esibonakalayo kanye ebusweni ukuxhumana Amagobolondo kuyiplanethi yethu: i hydrosphere, umkhathi lithosphere, futhi isimiso semvelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kuba - isakhi imvelo womhlaba. Ngenxa yalokho, isifundo esiphezulu ezinezithelo kungaba kuphela lapho ucabangela ngokuhlanganyela nezinye izingxenye imvelo womhlaba. Ngakho-ke geomorphology - isayensi unobuhlobo obuseduze ngokukhethekile zikuphi ngokomzimba, kanye neminye imikhakha yesayensi, ngaphandle umjikelezo womhlaba.

geomorphology ngokomlando

Esinye isici sobuntu ke - ngokomlando. Geomorphology - the wesayensi ozama sokunquma ukulandelana ezenzeka emhlabeni, okwaholela ukuvela kwezindaba yesimanje landscape. Akhe azani kwale sayensi isebenzisa impumelelo yokwakheka komhlaba, geography, kanye nezinye izinto eziphathelene imijikelezo yemvelo futhi zomlando. Ikakhulukazi, njengoba Zomhlaba - iplanethi, geomorphology libhekisela wesayensi ezifana nesayensi cosmogony. Ezindabeni isimo, ukubunjwa, isakhiwo ndaba, okuyinto ohilelekile ukwakheka ezihlukahlukene impumuzo, usebentisa impumelelo yamakhemikhali neyezinto zemvelo.

izinhlobo geomorphology

Geomorphology manje isayensi ngempela ebanzi. It ihlukaniswe yaba izindawo ulwazi, umkhakha, izindawo zocwaningo, ingxenye. Geomorphology has izindlela eziningi ucwaningo. Lokhu isayensi ukuzixazulula zombili izinkinga osetshenziswayo ayingqalasizinda.

Zonke ukuhlukahluka kwezesayensi enifana wukuthi yonke geomorphology batadisha sezwe, ubudala, imvelaphi, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, ithonya lawo mutual ubuhlobo nabanye timphawu netakhiwo tetinhlobo imvelo endogenous futhi exogenous Zomhlaba.

Nazi izinhlobo geomorphology zihlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo:

• geomorphology jikelele;
• zomlando (paleogeomorphology);
• ashukumisayo;
• kwamaplanethi;
• zesifunda;
• ensimini;
• zezibalo;
• lokuhlola;
• kude;
• yangokwesiko geomorphological;
• geomorphology ka phansi izilwandle nezilwandle;
• umhlaba geomorphology.

Kulesi isayensi iye yasungula section ekhethekile, okuyinto study Relief kwetinhlavu ukuxhumana kwayo ne-climate. Lesi sigaba sibizwa ngokuthi geomorphology zezulu. impumuzo sculptural njengoba ososayensi bathole, has a esishintshashintshayo abahlukene zezulu.

Uhlangothi esiwusizo sokuba nezinto eziqondile geomorphology

Inhloso yalesi isayensi aspect okusebenzayo ukwazi imithetho elawula impumuzo yathuthukiswa, futhi ngaleli ngesisekelo ukusebenzisa umkhuba imithetho kwembulwe.

Geomorphology kuyadingeka emkhakheni izakhiwo ubunjiniyela wokubacindezela futhi sokufuna futhi. Ukwakhiwa e Ezindaweni ezinesomiso ngenkasa naphezu kweziziba, amaxhaphozi - amanzi inethiwekhi kudinga ukutadisha ngokucophelela impumuzo. Timphawu futhi kudingeka bazi lapho ukwakhiwa iziteshi Hydropower nasezintabeni emathafeni. Ukudala zokuxhumana imigqa nokwakhiwa komgwaqo nazo eyenziwa ngokusekelwa lokhu isayensi.

impumelelo yayo asetshenziswa ekuhleleni emikhulu amapulazi, emadolobheni amancane namakhulu. Nasi isibonelo. City Divnogorsk ivuliwe eyehlelayo ngakho amanzi emvula ageleza eMfuleni Yenisei, kanye emthambekeni seyomile ngokushesha. ibalazwe Geomorphological isetshenziswa ukuhlelwa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Ibonisa idivayisi ebusweni sendawo ethulwa izingxenye, ilungiselelo lubandlululo kanye nohlobo izinhlobo. Kuye sendawo kuyinto indawo ezindaweni okuhlalwa kuzo, amabhizinisi commercial nezezimboni, isiqondiso ezibanzi. Okunye futhi okubaluleke ngokufanayo silitadishe at idivayisi amanzi wamabhizinisi enkulu yezimboni nemizana.

Geological, isimo sendawo, Botanical, inhlabathi inhlolovo futhi siqala ngokutadisha isimo sezwe. survey Hydrogeological futhi kwamanzi nazo olwenziwa ukumsekela.

Geomorphology ifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekumeleleni inhlangano isimo. Izinduna yezizwe ezahlukene izikhathi Sekuyisikhathi eside kulindeleke Kuzonyuka, ikhumbula izici isimo sezwe. Modern isayensi lezempi futhi kubanike ukunakisisa izimpawana.

Kumelwe ukwazi hhayi kuphela izinhlobo ezikhona namuhla futhi izinhlobo zosizo, kodwa futhi sikulindele izinguquko ngokunokwenzeka ebusweni iplanethi yethu esikhathini esizayo ngaphansi kwethonya izinqubo ezihlukahlukene. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi, isibonelo, ukwakhiwa emhlabathini esintengayo, noma ephezulu liphumele izakhiwo ekwakhiweni ulwandle nezimbobo.

Geomorphology nokumbiwa ukuhlola

Uhlaziyo umlando kanye nesimo sendawo - kuyindlela ephumelelayo ukuthola ezihlukahlukene imithombo yemvelo ngokungadingekile. Ngakho-ke, izakhi geomorphology kule ndawo athandwa kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, imali anesihlabathi idayimane, igolide namanye amaminerali abalulekile ngokuvamile ehambisana ne-zasendulo nezanamuhla inethiwekhi emfuleni, njengoba umfula ugeleza khona isikhathi eside kwaluqeda ezithela igolide yamadwala nasemigodini eqoqwe kula masimu anesihlabathi namaminerali esindayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, itshe-nsimbi futhi bauxite ngokuvamile ncamashi wasendulo ebusweni ukuqondanisa. Imali amalahle, igesi namafutha kuthiwa ngokuvamile kuphelela esizweni izakhiwo ezithile zomhlaba. Lezi zakhiwo ezindaweni eziningi ziyabonakala esime ebusweni iplanethi yethu, ngakho imali yalezi namaminerali kusiza ukuthola ukuhlaziywa wokukhululeka.

amaqiniso eziyinhloko ezatholwa futhi ezazikulo umlando geomorphology

Ngempumuzo komhlaba - omunye izimo ebaluleke kakhulu izinto ezenziwa abantu, likhona. Ulwazi mayelana naye, yebo, zanqwabelana kusukela kusaqalwa ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa umphakathi. Nokho, umqondo wegama elithi "geomorphology" yavela hhayi ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngenxa isiyalo yesayensi, waqala ukuthatha ukuma kuphela ngasekupheleni kwawo-18 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Kuhlobene eduze kakhulu ukuba yokwakheka komhlaba, ngakho waqala ukuthuthukisa ngemva kwalo. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi umsebenzi wokuqala ngemibandela yentuthuko kanye ukuvela ebusweni sendawo eMhlabeni.

Ngo 1763 lalibukeka umsebenzi "On the Izinhla Zomhlaba 'M. V Lomonosova (isithombe kuye kunikezwa ngenhla). Kuyo, wayengowokuqala ukusikisela ukuthi bangathola impumuzo Ibangelwa nokuxhumana amabutho ahlukahlukene exogenous futhi endogenous. Lo mbono kusenhliziyweni ka namuhla nesayensi geomorphological.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, kukhona imisebenzi Pavlov, Foam, Richthofen, lapho imibono mayelana nesakhiwo kanye umsuka surface sendawo eMhlabeni, ababengaphambi zanqwabelana, systematized, nemizamo ukuze uhlukanise ke. Anamagama B. Foam, abacwaningi isiJalimane, futhi B. Davis, nososayensi waseMelika, ezihambisana ukubukeka imiqondo obschegeomorfologicheskih Ukukhetha yokuqala yale isayensi i legatsha ezimele yolwazi.

Geomorphology namuhla

Eminyakeni yamuva, kokubili ezweni lethu futhi eNtshonalanga Yurophu, eziningi abayinakanga ukuthuthukiswa geomorphology. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abacwaningi banake ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-isakhiwo Geological nempumuzo ukubukeka (lebayifundzako geomorphology kwesakhiwo), futhi ngakolunye, ayathanda exogenous izinqubo geomorphological (ashukumisayo futhi geomorphology zezulu). Paleogeomorphology, ie Ukutadisha sezwe lasendulo, futhi ugqamisa. Yiqiniso, kuphela izinkomba main sokuthuthuka olwengeziwe.

Manje uyazi ukuthi study isayensi geomorphology, nemiqondo eyisisekelo ephathelene nayo, isiqondiso umlando kanye nokuthuthuka, sibuye futhi kubuyekezwe. Waphawula nokuthi kubaluleke kakhulu kokubili kusuka iphuzu theory ne practical umbono. Basics of geomorphology, okwethulwa kulesi sihloko, sithemba, kuyoba usizo.