U-Albert Hoffman - wemithi Swiss, uyise LSD: A Biography

Albert Hofmann, usokhemisi Swiss owanikeza LSD emhlabeni, izidakamizwa ezinamandla kakhulu psychotropic manje eyaziwa, washona ngo-April 2008 ekhaya lakhe egqumeni eduze eBasel, eSwitzerland. Wayeneminyaka engu-102 ubudala.

Ngokusho Rick Doblin, umsunguli kanye CEO of inhlangano multi-izigwegwe zocwaningo Psychedelic, ezinze California, imbangela yokufa kwaba ngemuva kokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo. Le nhlangano ngo-2005 zibhaliwe encwadini, okuyinto ngo-1979 wanyathelisa u-Albert Hoffman, "My Inkinga Ingane LSD."

ososayensi Swiss lokuqala kwemiqondo enkompolo lysergic acid ngo-1938, kodwa akutholakalanga nemiphumela yaso psychopharmacological kuze wabo eminyakeni emihlanu kamuva, ngephutha esetshenziswa ikhemikhali uku counterculture ka-1960 yase yaziwa ngokuthi "acid".

Khona-ke wathatha LSD kaningi, kodwa wabona ukuthi lokhu kuthathwe njengecala enamandla futhi yingozi psychotropic izidakamizwa mayihlonishwe. Kodwa okubaluleke nakakhulu kunenjabulo isipiliyoni Psychedelic kwaba kuye ukubaluleka zomuthi njengenhlangano aid ukucatshangelwa ukuqonda lokho akubiza ngokuthi ubunye abantu nemvelo. Le nkolelo ibuye, esahlanganisa Dr. Hoffman cishe Epiphany zenkolo ebuntwaneni, siqondisa kakhulu ekuphileni kwakhe siqu futhi professional.

yokucacisa

Albert Hofmann wazalwa ngo Baden, idolobha resort enyakatho Switzerland, January 11, 1906 WayeyiZwi ngiyizibulo ezinganeni zasekhaya ezine. Uyise, ababengamthandi imfundo ephakeme, kwaba toolmaker e wefektri yendawo, futhi umndeni ngihlala endlini ababeyiqashile. Kodwa-Albert wachitha isikhathi sakhe esiningi esikhululekile emgwaqeni.

Yena azulazula amagquma elingenhla kwedolobha futhi wadlala amanxiwa Habsburg "Stein" Castle. "Kube khona ipharadesi langempela - wathi kuxoxwa ngo 2006. - Sasingenamali, kodwa mina ngakhula emangalisayo ".

Kolunye izizinda kwakhe wayengenazo i Epiphany.

"Kwenzeka Meyi ekuseni - ngikhohliwe ngonyaka, kodwa namanje obungaveza endaweni kwenzeka lapho, ku ezisendleleni ehlathini eliseduze Martinsburg, - ebhala encwadini yakhe. - ngiya emahlathini namahlamvu fresh, egcwele birdsong futhi ovuthayo ilanga ekuseni, futhi konke kusenjalo kwenzakala ngukukhanya ecacile ngokungavamile. Nature ashaqe Ukubengezela enhle kakhulu, bathinteka kakhulu, njengoba uma efuna ukufinyelela ubukhulu bakhe kimi. Ngagcwala i ukuzwa engachazeki injabulo, ubunye nokuthula Blissful. "

Yize uyise Hoffman sika wayengumKatolika nonina - engumProthestani, wayekholelwa kusukela zisencane, inkolo uphuthelwe into ebaluleke kakhulu. Lapho eneminyaka engu-7 noma-8, u-Albert wayekhuluma nomngane mayelana nokuthi uJesu wayewunkulunkulu. "Ngathi ngangingakholelwa ekutheni, kodwa kumelwe ukuba nguNkulunkulu, ngoba kukhona emhlabeni futhi umuntu edala kuye, - esho. - Ukuxhumana okujulile kakhulu nemvelo. "

Kukhethwa mkhakha

Hoffman waqhubeka ukufunda ngesayensi yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali wase-University of Zurich, ngoba wayefuna ukuhlola umhlaba emazingeni lapho izakhi amandla futhi amakhemikhali sihlanganise ukudala ukuphila. Ngo-1929, lapho eneminyaka engu-23 kuphela, wathola iziqu ze-doctorate nefilosofi. Wabe esethatha umsebenzi "Sandoz" laboratory e Basel, lapho wakhangwa uhlelo ukuhlanganiswa kwezici izinto ezenza imithi kusukela ezimileni ezisetshenziselwa ukwelapha.

"Usuku ibhayisikili"

Ngenkathi esebenza no-ergot ukushaya rye, esekhubeka ku-LSD, futhi ingozi NgoLwesihlanu ntambama ngo-Ephreli 1943 wasebenzisa izidakamizwa ngaphakathi. Ngokushesha wabhekana esimweni ezishintshwe ukwazi, elifana nalelo okuyinto wakuzwa njengoba ingane.

NgoMsombuluko olandelayo, LSD Albert Hofmann wathatha ngenhloso. Ukulungiswa waqala wenza lapho ngebhayisikili ekhaya. Ngalolo suku, April 19, kamuva immortalized by izidakamizwa amateur. Bayibiza ngokuthi "Usuku ibhayisikili."

isambulo Chemistry

Dr. Hoffman idale nezinye izidakamizwa ezibalulekile, kuhlanganise metergin esetshenziselwa ukwelapha kwangemva kokubeletha ukopha - imbangela eyinhloko yokufa ebeletha. Kodwa kwakungegazi LSD ezimise umsebenzi bakhe nokufuna lakhe elingokomoya.

"Ngenxa imizwa yami uma nithatha LSD nesithombe sami esisha ngokoqobo, ngabona isimangaliso indalo, ubuhle bemvelo, flora nezilwane ezihlukahlukene, - uthe Hoffman, isazi sezifo zengqondo Stanislav Grof ngo-1984. - ngaba kakhulu esabela ngokwengeziwe kulokho okuzokwenzeka ngayo yonke le kanye sonke ".

izidakamizwa engcwele

Dr. Hoffman waba sezemvelo oshisekayo. Wathi LSD akuyona kuphela ithuluzi eliyigugu wezifo zengqondo, kodwa ingasetshenziswa ukuphaphamisa ukuqaphela ngokujulile lendawo abantu ngokwemvelo, ukuyeka ukubhujiswa nemvelo.

Kodwa njengoba ayekhathazeke ukusetshenziswa elikhulayo LSD njengoba izidakamizwa ngenjongo yokuzijabulisa. Ngokusho kwakhe, lo izidakamizwa kumele kusetshenziswe kanye imiphakathi bakudala esetshenziswa izitshalo ingqondo engcwele - ngokucophelela futhi zinezinhloso ezingokomoya.

Ngemva kokutholakala izakhiwo lomcebo psychotropic Albert Hofmann wachitha iminyaka efunda izitshalo engcwele. Kanye nomngani wakhe Gordon Wasson, yena nokuhlanganyela emasikweni Psychedelic Labelaphi mesatekov eningizimu yeMexico. Wakwazi synthesize esebenzayo compounds mushroom psilocybe Mexicana, wabiza psilocin futhi psilocybin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usokhemisi usunike esebenzayo imbewu izingxenye Convolvulus okuyinto isiMazatec futhi isetshenziswe njengethuluzi lokubandlulula intoxicant, futhi wathola ukuthi ukubunjwa yayo chemical kufana LSD.

Ngenkathi Psychedelic Hoffman waqala ubungane enjalo ubuntu okungavamile njengoba Timoti Liri, Allen Ginsberg futhi Oldos Haksli, ngubani, ukuba on the esengozini ukufa kwakhe ngo-1963, wabuza umkakhe amnike umjovo we-LSD ukuphungula enesifo somdlavuza emphinjeni.

ifa

Nokho, naphezu isithakazelo ingqondo compounds LSD uyise wahlala kuze kube sekupheleni wemithi Swiss. Ngo-laboratory, "Sandoz," wabahola Yemvelo Imithi uMnyango Ucwaningo kuze kuba uthatha umhlalaphansi wakhe ngo-1971.

Ibhalwe phezu izihloko engamakhulu yesayensi, olwasungulwa Albert Hoffman. Izincwadi anikezelwe Swiss wemithi izinto hallucinogenic. Ngo "Eleusis: eneka amasakramente" (1978) naye uthi eziningi emikhosini yenkolo ngesiGreki ephelezelwa ukusetshenziswa amakhowe hallucinogenic. Wabuye co-wabhala "Botany futhi Chemistry of hallucinogens" Izincwadi (1973), "Izitshalo WoNkulunkulu: umsuka ukusetshenziswa hallucinogens" (1979). Ngo-1989 ngabona ukukhanya we-Insight / Outlook ibhuku layo (1989) imayelana bezibona ngokoqobo futhi umsebenzi "Elixir of Hoffmann: LSD kanye Eleusis entsha," esanyatheliswa ngemva kokufa kwakhe (2008).

U-Albert Hoffman nomkakhe, u-Anita, owafa ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, wakhulela izingane Basel ezine. INdodana wabulawa utshwala ngokweqile kuzo '53. Hoffman wazibonela abazukulu eziningana nabazukulu okukhulu.

Nakuba usokhemisi Swiss ngokuthi LSD "ikhambi lokwelapha umphefumulo", ngonyaka ka-2006 izinsuku lapho ethatha hallucinogens, sekuyisikhathi eside losalela emuva. "Ngiyazi LSD; Angazi udinga ukuthatha phezu - wayesenezela, -. Mhlawumbe uma ngifa njengoba Oldos Haksli " Ngokusho kwakhe, i-LSD is akazange athonywe imibono yakhe mayelana nokufa. "Ngemva kokufa, ngizobuya lapho ngineminyaka engu-ngaphambi kokuba azalwe, yilokho kuphela."

U-Albert Hoffman: izingcaphuno

Ngezansi kunezibonelo ezithile kusho eyaziwa wemithi Swiss.

• Ukuvela isintu kuhambisana nokwanda ukwazi.
• LSD - kuphela izindlela ukusenza ubani okufanele sibe yilo.
• Hamba uye ensimini, ukuya izingadi, ukuhamba ehlathini. Vula amehlo akho!
• UNkulunkulu ukhuluma kuphela kulabo baqonde ulimi lakhona.
• Ngikholwa ukuthi uma abantu wafunda ukusebenzisa ukushukuma emibonweni LSD kwezokwelapha nokuzindla esizwakalayo, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, lo mntwana inkinga kungaba prodigy ingane.
• Consciousness - uyisipho uNkulunkulu asinikeze isintu.