IKomiti Esiphuthumayo: emagama izifinyezo, umlando

Cishe 25 iminyaka kusukela isikhashana lapho abezindaba yamemezela ukwethulwa komthetho wesimo esibucayi. Kwakuwusuku ekuseni ngomhla ka-Agasti 19 Ephendukela iSoviet Union ngo-1991. Izigameko zalolo isikhathi kwakuthé chithi saka. Ahileleka kokubili izakhamuzi kanye nabezombusazwe. Konke lokhu kwaqala izenzo iqembu labantu awakholelwa yena isifinyezo leKomiti eziphuthumayo, ngokulotshiweyo okuyinto zonke isakhamuzi abazi-USSR, funky ezishaqisayo abangase babhekane nazo okungenzeka kulwiwa ezaziwayo. Yini kwaba: ngomzamo ukulondoloza izwe noma, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, nciphisa yayo simo?

prehistory

Entwasahlobo ka-1990 eseneminyaka Congress esilandelayo Yabantu amasekela inyunyana sezenhlalo, kwanqunywa ukuba uqede izihloko soMthethosisekelo, lapho enquma indima eholayo LamaKhomanisi. Ngezinye efanayo umongameli isikhathi ye-USSR wakhetha MS Gorbachev.

Ngo-May ka lowo nyaka aqokwe olusemthethweni esiphezulu RSFSR njengoba kuyoba kamuva, owayezoba umongameli Russia, uBoris Yeltsin. Kwavela ukuthi ubuholi Soviet kwadingeka esincintisana e ebusweni iziphathimandla zaseRussia, owasebenza kule ndawo efanayo. Ehlobo lika-Boris ubamukela Declaration Yobukhosi, ukuhlinzeka akaphakeme imithetho Russian phezu Allied zokulawula.

In parallel ngalezi zenzakalo ukusebenza isizwe waqala ekhatsi Tbilisi, bese ekhatsi Vilnius, wakhipha isitatimende mayelana nokungena khona ngokungemthetho yaseLithuania ku eSoviet Union, futhi ukungqubuzana kamuva inter-yobuhlanga phakathi Armenia ne-Azerbaijan.

Zonke lezi zenzakalo zidinga isinyathelo ingxenye kahulumeni. Khona-ke kwahlongozwa wokuguqula republic sezenhlalo ezifundazweni eNgophezukonke. Lokhu kwaba isizathu esikhathini esizayo ukudala iKomiti eziphuthumayo. Sokuqonda izifinyezo sihleli emlandweni Ngokuwa Union njengoba iKomiti Yombuso phezu isimo esibucayi.

Zonke-Union inhlolovo

Ekupheleni kuka-1990, emhlanganweni olandelayo we amasekela uMikhail Gorbachev ezihlongozwayo umqondo Zonke-Union okhethweni lukazwelonke empikiswaneni ukuqhubeka Union ithi eNgophezukonke at enhliziyweni umfelandawonye kuvuselelwe. amasekela Abantu ngesinqumo ukuba livotele sivunyiwe.

Entwasahlobo ka-1991 ayisishiyagalolunye ayengaphansi kweSoviet Union wanika bakhethe Yezinguquko a umfelandawonye kuvuselelwe ithi eNgophezukonke. Ngesikhathi inhlolovo efanayo abantu RSFSR asekelwe ukwethulwa okuthunyelwe umengameli. Ngokushesha wakhethwa BN Yeltsin.

Ukulandela ivoti ethandwa neziphathimandla waqaphela ukuthi yangaphambili Socialist Union kuyoba khona isidingo isivumelwano esisha umbimbi. Vele 20 Agasti kuhlelwe ukuba ngisayine mayelana Gorbachev ukuhlanganyela yonkana. Futhi ngobusuku bangaphambi lesi senzakalo esibalulekile wadala State Emergency Committee, ogama emagama esikhishwayo izakhamuzi zaseSoviet njengoba iKomiti eziphuthumayo.

Ilungiselela eziphuthumayo

Okwazekayo, ukwethulwa komthetho wesimo esibucayi ezweni ngendlela yomthethosisekelo iye kwaphikiswana iziphathimandla ngo-1990. Ezingeni esisebenzayo, wathuthela ngonyaka, ngemva Juni session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR futhi umbiko Undunankulu wase nesimo esibucayi ngokujulile. Usihlalo-KGB, uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi, uNgqongqoshe wezokuVikela, waphikelela ngokuthi isimo esiphuthumayo ukuze avimbele ukuwa kwezomnotho yezwe. Nokho, owayengumongameli wase-USSR akazange ayisekele nabo.

Esikhathini kusuka 7 kuya ku-15 Agasti ngesikhathi luhlobo imfihlo-KGB labetibambile ngokuphindaphindiwe VA Kryuchkov umhlangano namalungu esizayo leKomiti eziphuthumayo. Sokuqonda lokhu ukunciphisa ayikaziwa ukuba umuntu osesilinganisweni, kodwa amalungu Uzungu sina abathintekayo ekulungiseleleni inguquko esasizofika ngokushesha. Wabhekisa amabombo eqenjini iphini likamengameli we-USSR GI Janaev.

Mikhail Sergeyevich ngalesi sikhathi iholidi baye eCrimea.

Isiboneleli Sokuveza

Morning ithelevishini futhi izindaba zomsakazo Agasti 19, 1991, yaqala ngenkulu aphindaphinde izipikha idokhumenti olusemthethweni, "Ukuvezwa ubuholi waseSoviet." Lwaluzwakala ulwazi mayelana ukungakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi kamongameli, MS Gorbachev, ngenxa ukuwohloka kwempilo yakhe, futhi ukwedlulela igunya Gennadiyu Ivanovichu Yanaevu.

Yingaleso sikhathi-ke okokuqala kwakuzwakala efunda okwakubhalwe kulowo mbhalo Icebo lika. Ukuze uqalise lizwe yamemezela ukusungulwa iKomiti eziphuthumayo State. Siqukethe izinhloko echelons ephakeme ka eSoviet Union: Undunankulu, uNgqongqoshe wezokuVikela, Usihlalo-KGB, uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi, umsizi ngowokuqala usihlalo Defense Council,.

iphakethe

Ngalo lolo suku sekuthiwe yezinjongo eziyinhloko nezenzo leKomiti eziphuthumayo. Sokuqonda lokhu ekomidini kwaba phezu izindebe zonke izakhamuzi zaseSoviet, ayinandaba ngoba elizweni lakibo.

Injongo eyinhloko ye-amalungu eKomiti elalisanda kumiswa uMbuso ukuvimbela ukusayinwa Union iSivumelwano nokuwa USSR. Ngaphandle ukwethulwa komthetho wesimo esibucayi isikhathi esiyizinyanga ezingu-6, anabamemezeli izinyathelo ezilandelayo yokutholwa Ukulungiswa leKomiti Emergency:

• Ukuqedwa paramilitary control namandla izakhiwo perechaschih imithetho kanye noMthethosisekelo we-USSR.
• Priority-union umthetho.
• Ukupheliswa umsebenzi izinhlangano zomphakathi, izinhlangano zezombusazwe, kuphazamisa umsebenzi kute simo sibuyele kulesetayelekile.
• Ukusungula ukulawula abezindaba.
• Ukugwema ubambe imibuthano, imiboniso kanye iziteleka.
• Isingeniso emasosheni bofeleba netinhlavu izimoto zempi.

ukuphikiswa

Ngu oda DT Yazov ekuseni ngo-August 19, ababulawe enhlokodolobha wathutha Kantemir Tank Division Taman ezinezinjini kuqhuma Division. Abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane amabutho efika kumahora angu-12 e Moscow, lapho sahlala komuzi ingqalasizinda ezibucayi. Abantu baqala ukwesaba nesiqalo okungenzeka kulwiwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, putschists baphuthunyiswe ukuvinjelwa amabutho ezikhethekile Alpha endlini yezwe Yeltsin. Kodwa ngemva kokuthola ulwazi mayelana kwenzekani inhlokodolobha, uBoris enquma ukuza ngokushesha e-White House. Ukuvimba iqembu umkhuzi othola ukuze zithiye Ukuhamba uMongameli RSFSR.

Lapho ngifika esikhumulweni Indlu amaSoviet, Yeltsin uthi ukwenqaba ukubambisana namalungu eKomiti eziphuthumayo, esho ukuziphatha kwabo anti-eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo. Masinyane Icebo lika wathumela ibutho ukuba White House I-bamba wakhe. Ukusebenza wabizwa ngokuthi "Thunder". Kepha kwakukhona fiasco: egqwalile ukulawula paramilitaries, abaye bachema Yeltsin.

izenzo Gorbachev sika

Ukuze ahlabe abantu umxhwele imisebenzi yabo esemthethweni, le neKomiti KaHulumeni eziphuthumayo (iKomiti eziphuthumayo), wazisa izakhamuzi ngalesi sifo umongameli eyisibopho uMikhail Gorbachev. Ngosuku olwandulela izenzakalo kwesibhamu-USSR ngo-August 19 Icebo lika: Baklanov, Varennikov, Boldin, Chenin futhi Plekhanov - amabombo Foros ukuze Mikhail Sergeyevich ultimatum. Lalinama yokuzithandela umaluju Yanayev amandla. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kwabozungu Gorbachev wacela ukwesula esontweni, ngemuva kokusayina isimemezelo kanye nezidingo ukungena isimo esiphuthumayo.

I juqu ayefundwa anikwamukelanga, kanti ngenxa yalokho - inyumbazana ephelele uMongameli Foros phezu Icebo lika. Ingabe Gorbachev bebawati itulo inhlangano Icebo lika? Sokuqonda umlando walezi zenzakalo kuyehla kube US ukuhileleka wokugoqa wase-USSR. Ngobusuku obandulela le Icebo lika, ngoJulayi, izwe wavakashelwa nowayengumqondisi CIA uGeorge HW Bush. Siyazi ukuthi ehlangana Gorbachev futhi Yeltsin. Ingxoxo yabo akwaziwa, kodwa inethiwekhi intelligence uye ngiyaliwe silondoloze bakhi.

Futhi ukuziphatha uMikhail Gorbachev Akucaci ngokuphelele. Agasti 3 Wanika inkulumo ukuthi nesimo esinzima wezwe futhi kubalulekile ukwethula isimo esiphuthumayo, futhi ngosuku olulandelayo saya bangabeki eCrimea.

Ukuboshwa kwalo Icebo lika

Ngo-August 21 emhlanganweni futhi kufanele. obakhathalelayo. UMongameli GI Yanaeva lapho amalungu ekomidi zanquma ukubathumela ithimba Foros ukuze Mikhail Sergeyevich. Futhi, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR wamemezela ukuthi ukuxoshwa uMikhail Gorbachev kade ingekho emthethweni futhi yafuna Yanaeva ukukhansela oda futhi isimo izimiso eziphuthumayo. Ntambama ngosuku olufanayo wakhipha isinqumo kokuboshwa kwala amalungu eKomiti eziphuthumayo. Kamuva, ngo-1994, bona usuke bathethelelwe.

Inkinga Agasti saphela ngokukhululwa wokugoqa wase-USSR. Zonke le sezibe yanjalo ukumemezela uzibuse. I izakhamuzi zaseSoviet nangemuva eSoviet Union ngemvume lo mbuzo: "? Uyini Icebo lika" efunda okwakubhalwe kulowo mbhalo uhlamvu lwemali isampula 1991 buhlobene futhi izenzakalo le Icebo lika August, kodwa Numismatics kwesikhashana.

Into kuphela owenza bakhi - iyona ukuqedwa ukusayinwa Union Treaty. Ubunzima singayithola uma siqonda lokho okwenzeka wukuthi Icebo lika waqala wedwa, wayiqeda amabutho akhe eziphikisanayo.

Numismatics: i Icebo lika, kulungiswa esasikuwo

I nokuwohloka Union zazinyatheliswa ezindlini zonke izindawo ngayinye republic wangaphambili. Russia - iyathinteka. Ngo-1991, yena waqala waba kwenziwe izinhlamvu nge isithombe obverse we Spasskaya Tower kanye Supreme Council. Ziyakwazi emlandweni Numismatics ukukhunjulwa njengombulali iKomiti eziphuthumayo lwemali. Incazelo yalezi imali yamaphepha phakathi kwezinye zemali ilula, bona ezazenziwa kuze 1992, ngenkathi obverse aliveli ukhozi.

Ezingavamile ikhophi uhlamvu lwemali 1991 kuyinto "ruble 10", bimetallic, ebabiza YaseMoscow Mint.

ndlovu ezingavamile kubalwa Leningrad Mint, emelwe ukubaluleka ngokulinganisa of "ruble 10" ngo-1992.