Life kanye namasiko we pre-Mongol Rus (10-13 eminyaka)

Ukuthuthukiswa avumelanayo Old isiko Russian waphazanyiswa amaMongol ahlasele phakathi nekhulu XIII. Ngakho-ke, izazi-mlando nezingqapheli ahlukaniswe kwesikhathi sokuqala yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yayo (IX-XIII cc.) Kusukela zonke okwalandela. Nolimi ingxenye isiko kwaba indlela yokuphila - konke ezungezwe ezimpilweni zansuku zonke kwamalungu avamile yezikhulu futhi umphakathi eMpumalanga Slavic.

izakhiwo

Njengazo zonke isiko oyi-Mongol Russia, ubungcweti wezwe ishintshile kakhulu kusukela kwamukelwa kobuKristu Bokuhlela yesiko WaseByzantium e lasendulo. ukwakhiwa zokuhlala esempumalanga lwamaSlav kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo babe maqhugwane bese ungena apholile. Enyakatho, ezonini ihlathi ziye zasungula isiko ocebile wokubaza.

Stone izakhiwo uvele ekupheleni X leminyaka, nalapho leliya lizwe ngokumenywa Prince uVladimir efika abaklami ngesiGreki. Ezikhumbuzo ezibaluleke kakhulu yamasiko zangaphambi Mongol Russia ezakhiwa ekhatsi Kiev - "unina amadolobha Russian." Ngonyaka 989 yaqala ukwakhiwa okweshumi itshe isonto, eyaba lombhishobhi, etholakala eduze enkantolo kwesikhulu.

Kamuva lasendulo Russian omkhulukazi izakhiwo yahlakazeka emazweni aseMpumalanga Slavic. Ngokwesibonelo, ngekhulu le-XI eNovgorod Saint UZandile Cathedral lanikezelwa - namhlanje ukukhangana esemqoka yedolobha. Futhi, lesi sakhiwo ubhekwa esontweni endala lakhiwa lwamaSlav futhi alondolozwe endaweni yeRussia. UZandile yakhe Cathedral wayebuye eKiev. Kuvele lesikhumbuzo oluvelele bokwakha kuyinto Church of the intercession phezu Nerl esakhiwa uVladimir ubukhulu ngo XII leminyaka.

Izinqaba ngokuvamile emelelwa kwezindonga zomuzi, wabuthela kusuka ohlakeni lokhuni (njengoba amaphayona ayebizwa kanjalo Gorodnitsa). Eliphezulu esungulwe nesigcawu ikampu nemifantu zazo kwenziwa ngenhlamvu bebhekise isitha. kwemibhoshongo izinqaba engeziwe babe (Vezha). Amadolobha amakhulu awabhalwanga izindonga zangaphandle, enqabeni kanye inqaba kwangaphakathi. Izindonga izihloko kwesikhulu zazakhiwe ngetshe. Ngaphandle Iphandle elikhulu lapho luhlala ababazi kanye nabanye abantu abavamile.

imidwebo

Ngokusebenzisa ithonya WaseByzantium-Orthodox nesiko zangaphambi Mongol Rus ahlanganiswe hhayi kuphela isiko ekwakheni amathempeli itshe, kodwa futhi izitayela ezintsha in umdwebo. izinhlobo ezifana Umfanekiso yamatshe nezimpawu babé yinto iyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila Eastern lwamaSlav. Ngo imidwebo, ithonya ngesiGreki Bawulondoloza ezingaphezu kuka bokwakha, okuyinto vele ngesikhathi esifushane, kwakubikwa ubudala isitayela yokuqala Russian. Lokhu kwakubangelwa yokuthi, ngokwesibonelo, kwakukhona iconography esiqinile LobuKristu ezisohlwini lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli, kusukela lapho inkosi akazange ukuhambisa emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka.

Ngaphandle Umdwebo benkolo nabezwe ayekhona. Isibonelo esimangalisayo lolu hlobo baba yasezindongeni adalwe kwemibhoshongo St. UZandile. Imidwebo esibonisa ozala Grand Prince Yaroslav Ohlakaniphile, izigcawu kusuka ekuphileni kwansuku zonke le nkosi, izinyoni kumnandi nezilwane. Ukuze izikhathi zethu ngasinda nezimpawu ezimbalwa ezidalwe uVladimir-Suzdal ekhulwini XII. Lezi zobuciko ayikwazanga ngcono luveza ukuthi kwaba isiko Russia zangaphambi Mongol isikhathi. Esinye isakhiwo eziyingqayizivele Umfanekiso medieval iyona Luhambo eyinhloko thempeli, ke okubonisa izigcawu lokwaHlulelwa Kugcine.

Inkathi yokuchuma isiko oyi-Mongol Russia kungokwalabo ngekhulu XII, lapho kwehlukana izinduna single wezwe wokuqala ombangela "ezikoleni" lesifunda emikhakheni eminingi yomsebenzi zokudala. Bethonywe lo mkhuba nezobuciko. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Novgorod Bandla uMsindisi ku Nereditsa idaliwe imidwebo, benamandla umoya eziyingqayizivele ebumnyameni nokhahlo. Figures eziyinhloko sethusa futhi izibalo yabangcwele awawabheki iyiphi enye isampula Umdwebo Russian lasendulo.

umculo

Umculo - lokhu kungolunye uhlobo lwesigemegeme ubuciko, okubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi kwaba umlando isiko ERussia yasendulo. Oku-Mongol isikhathi kwesokunxele eziningi ubufakazi mayelana ingoma izintandokazi lwamaSlav empumalanga. Umculo libhekene yokuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi-ke sekuneminyaka kuyinto nolimi kusuka ekuphileni njengoba izikhulu kanye nabantu abavamile. imikhosi Komkhaya, "ukuzijabulisa" akuyona ezethulwa ngaphandle iculo, dancing nokudlala izinsimbi. Folk imisebenzi zazihluke kakhulu ngokwemvelo. Kwakuwusuku lomshado prichety entwasahlobo umdlalo amashuni, uyakhononda nezihlobo efile.

abadlali abaningi ukuthi unesiphiwo baba abaculi professional. Singers and onesizotha narrators yeqhawe ezikhethekile uhlobo yeqhawe. Ngo okufanayo, kwaba khona umhlaba wonke wabo ezulazulayo troupes ehlanganisa buffoons owenza ezigcawini zedolobha futhi emadilini. Isiko zangaphambi Mongol Russia kwaba yehlukene kaningi okubalwa, nomculo ngalo mqondo nsé ezinye ubuciko. Clowns Abaningi hhayi kuphela ukucula, kodwa futhi wazama yena njengoba wabavocavoci, abadansi, jugglers futhi abalingisi, okungukuthi, abe Litsedeyami. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi iziphathimandla kwesikhulu ngokuvamile enalesi amateur kanye "amademoni" lasendulo babengene izingoma isigxivizo amasiko asendulo obuqaba.

Russian Folk amathuluzi afakwe balalaika, izigubhu, ihabhu, ratchet, dobro. Izimpondo kanye namacilongo isetshenziswe kuphela ukusebenza izingoma, kodwa nezalo isignali ngenkathi ukuzingela noma ezimpini. siqu ngomfanekiso "bands" khona squads. Ngokwesibonelo, iqembu wavusa amabutho ugqozi ngesikhathi evimbezela emzini iVolga baseBulgaria e 1220.

Njengazo zonke isiko zangaphambi Mongol Russia, umculo yazuza niche yalo Orthodox. Motets kwakuba nemibhalo WaseByzantium (olimini Slavic). Russia lathathwa amaGreki isiko yesonto. Ngendlela efanayo kwakukhona chants amasu.

temdzabu

Iningi Old isiko Russian liyaziwa temdzabu yayo, libhekene i ukwehluka oluvelele cefe. Izingoma, amaqhawe, umlingo, izinkondlo kwaba izingxenye zalo ebalulekile. Kobuqaba emenza legends basezinganekwaneni kweziningi ezisekhona ngisho nangemva kokuba ukwamukelwa of Christianity. Temdzabu tho nge-Orthodox ukuthi zithinteka kakhulu ngamaholide ikhalenda nasekukholelweni ezeni.

Epic yeqhawe nobuqhawe - phezulu ku temdzabu. Izinhlamvu main yalezi izingcezu baba amaqhawe. namaqhawe okunjalo njengoba Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich futhi Alyosha Popovich abawazi wonke umntwana phezu iqoqo inganekwane. Ngo byliny labonisa ukujula okuyinto isiko Rus isikhathi-Mongolian. Heroes kungaba real izinhlamvu zomlando nesithombe generalized. Ezinganekwaneni heroes abanesibindi imali yonke Ephakathi izici zayo isici (emzabalazweni kanye imihambuma asemaqeleni, 'ayeshayeka abantu "nokunye. D.).

lokubhala

temdzabu kwaba okuphambene lokubhala yokudala. Nokho, lezi zincwadi kungenzeka kungenzeki ngaphandle zamagama. Lokho kubanika, waba leaked eRussia kanye ubuKristu. othisha WaseByzantium Kirill mina Mefody wadala Slavic ngoba lwezinhlamvu ezikhethekile, elaba isisekelo ezihlukahlukene ngezilimi ezibhaliwe: Russian, isiBulgaria, Serbian, Macedonian, njll

zabasebenzi abashumayeli waseGrisi iThesalonika kwadingeka imiphumela kakhulu ejule ngokwengeziwe. Ngaphandle Cyrillic ungazange athuthukiswe futhi wonke pre-Mongol nesiko ERussia yasendulo. Lokhu zamagama yasetshenziselwa ukuqedela ukudluliswa imibhalo Orthodox. Isikole sokuqala, ukufunda ukufunda, yamiswa Prince uVladimir Svyatoslavich.

ezikhumbuzo Eyingqayizivele lokubhala Old Russian kuyizinto Novgorod imibhalo birchbark. Iningi lazo zatholwa abavubukuli ekhulwini XX. Birchbark abonisa ukuthi ukwazi ukufunda nokubhala eRussia njengenkulumo eziningi Izicukuthwane okukhethekile. Ngangibona ukubhala izakhamuzi abaningi abavamile, njengoba ibhalwe medieval zobuciko Novgorod.

Ancient Cyrillic uhlukile namuhla. Kwakuthinta okuqhamile kanti ezinye izincwadi ezengeziwe. kabusha kwe-Radical zamagama ubudala iphutha ngaphansi uPetru mina, futhi usuku lokugcina ifomu kwathatha emva 1917.

izincwadi

Kanye Rus ebhaliwe wathatha phezu kusukela WaseByzantium ncwadi isiko. Imisebenzi yokuqala ezimele babe ezimfundisweni zenkolo noma izintshumayelo. Ngenxa yalokho kungenziwa okubhekwa 'iNtshumayelo Law noGrace, "eyabhalwa Metropolitan uHilarion phakathi XI leminyaka.

Okuningi uhlobo ezivamile isibe indaba. Ababona nje umlando izenzakalo, kodwa futhi umthombo wolwazi ngalokho kwaba isiko ERussia yasendulo kwesikhathi pre-amaMongol. Umlobi womlando eyinhloko Kyivan Rus kubhekwa Nestor. Ekuqaleni "The Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" ke siqanjwe we XII leminyaka ke. Lokhu egumbini iye yachazwa izenzakalo main yomlando Russian kusukela kwavela wekuba sive kuze 1117. Nestor sigxile ezenzakalweni zezombusazwe: nezingxabano kwesikhulu, ngezimpi imifelandawonye. Umlobi womlando washiya "Ukufunda", okuyinto wenaba Biography of the ezimbili nezikhulu ukholo Boris futhi Gleb.

Prince uVladimir Monomakh lakhunjulwa hhayi kuphela kwezombangazwe ohlakaniphile nomholi wezempi onekhono, kodwa futhi njengoba i umbhali oluvelele. Kiev umbusi kwesokunxele kuya ezikanye naye "Ukufundiswa" - indatshana zezombusazwe lapho umbhali uchaza lokho kufanele kube isimo ekahle futhi amandla ngempumelelo. Incwadi Monomakh wakhumbula isikhulu esizayo ukuthi izithakazelo siqu osopolitiki akufanele ukulimaza ubunye State, kuhlanganise kudingekile zokunqanda Polovtsy ayimizulane.

"Ukufundiswa" kwalotshwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu XII. Ekupheleni kwekhulu efanayo lalibukeka umkhiqizo oyinhloko izincwadi Old Russian - "The Tale of Campaign Igor sika". Iphinde bewusihloko emzabalazweni kanye Polovtsy. Maphakathi le nkondlo lelandzisako - umkhankaso zehluleka asemaqeleni ePrince Igorya Svyatoslavicha, abusa Novgorod-Seversky.

Uvivinyo olunjengomlilo oluvela usongo imihambuma ukuphila okunokuthula kwawuthonya kakhulu lokho waba isiko futhi ukuphila pre-Mongol Russia. I "izwi" umbhali engaziwa njengoba kungekho wabonisa kangcono indlela kuphangwa zidale umonakalo omkhulu ukube namaqaba. Njengoba Monomakh e "Iziyalezo" yakhe, wagcizelela ukubaluleka ubunye bezwe Russian phambi ingozi ezivamile.

yobuciko neyezandla

amakhosi Russian isikhathi eside kwaba abadumile lwemigexo esiyingqayizivele ukwenza amasu ayo (koqweqwe lwawo, filigree, nokunye. D.). Le mikhiqizo zenziwa oda ngenxa boyar futhi Izicukuthwane kwesikhulu. Abezinye Izizwe babewahlonipha black Russian isiliva. Le nhlanganisela Welashwa nge ezihlukahlukene imikhiqizo: namasongo, iziphambano, amasongo, njll ...

Kiev amakhosi ayethanda zegolide nezesiliva yizicucu zangokwasemuva zezinhlelo Chernevo. Vladimirskie ababazi babevame okumsulwa esiliva ingemuva kanye izibalo igolide. EGalicia kwakukhona yangasese esikoleni nentaba isixuku. Kulezi zibonelo, yobuciko neyezandla waphinda okubonisa lokho kwakufanele isiko ezihlukahlukene zokuphila kwansuku zonke soku-Mongol Russia.

Craft nemizana zazihluke kakhulu emzini yezandla. Ezindaweni zasemakhaya, inkosi isikhathi eside elisetshenziswa izigqizo zabo Motifs yobuqaba amabutho ezimbi. Were iziphandla ethandwa futhi uvuselele. Iningi lazo ayenziwa impahla kufinyeleleke kakhulu - izinkuni. Uma imisuka ukupela-like kwezobuciko isicelo kwadingeka esihlukile uya khona imilingo, bese kancane kancane balahlekelwa lokhu incazelo futhi baba Amaphetheni alula. Culture of Russia oyi-Mongol sikhathi, ngamafuphi, uye savela. Nge esizukulwaneni ngasinye, yena kancane kancane sashintsha saba more xaka.

Life nekhaya

maqhugwane Early Slavic lalinabashumayeli esithandweni, izidakamizwa izitolo. isikhala ngasinye ayengabi ikhaya ukuhlukanisa umbhangqwana oshadile. Lizinga isigamu-dugouts eduze eningizimu Izinyunyana lesizwana Eastern lwamaSlav buboniswa ngokuba zokuma kwendawo Arab. zokuhlala okunjalo laqala ukunyamalala e X leminyaka. Le nqubo kuye kwahlotshaniswa ukudabuka we ubuhlobo bomkhaya wezinzalamizi ezincane kanye lilokhu libuna of izinsalela zamaKhosi.

Ngokwesibonelo, e Kiev, ngaphezu kwesigamu-dugouts babe ekwakheni amakhaya lwamakholi bese ungena. Izinkuni sisetshenziselwa izinto ayibizi, ungathola ke cishe njalo ezisemadolobheni noma umhlali yasemakhaya. Ukutholakala kwasiza ngokushesha ukubuyisela imiphakathi uma kwenzeka umlilo. Fire njalo kwaholela umonakalo ezinzima, okuyinto, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakukhona yokuntuleka lubonakale kwezinkuni.

Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphikelela Palace Prince kwakungu Gridnitsa - yavula ikamelo layo elikhulu, lapho amadili bahlangana squad. Ukutadisha kweyunithi yokuhlala ahlukile - lena ngenye indlela kumnandi ukuba siqonde lokho kwaba isiko zangaphambi Mongol Russia. Architecture kuyinto inkomba isimo sabo emphakathini, isikhundla isitebhisi yezenhlalakahle umnikazi isakhiwo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ekhulwini XII, lapho isimo ekugcineni ziwile, le Gridnitsa grand yayisuswe - baqala ukusebenzisa izakhiwo njengoba esejele.

izingubo

abalimi Ezivamile noma smerdy, egqoka ihembe ihembe-belted esakhiwe ku ibhulukwe kanye amabhuzu okusezingeni eliphezulu. Eshibhile ebusika noboya esetshenziswa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo folksy kubhekwe bear noboya. Amabhande ayemancane emlonyeni futhi lesikhumba, buckles wazenza ngethusi. Abesifazane bavame ukugqoka ubucwebe (izindandatho yesikhashana, imigexo, ubuhlalu).

Isici sici retinue, boyars futhi izingubo phezu kwesikhulu kwaba wengubo yakhe. Uma abalimi egqoka amahembe nelineni anolaka, le aristocrats - amahembe enziwe kasilika. amabhuzu Isikhulu zazenziwe sembuzi. A imfanelo esiyisibopho nkosi waba cap ne noboya edging. Jewellery nezicukuthwane zazenziwa ngamatshe ayigugu negolide. Ngokwesibonelo, Prince Svyatoslav egqoke isici pearl icici. Life kanye namasiko we pre-Mongol Rus (10-13 ekhulwini) wamangaza abaningi bezinye izizwe. Winter izingubo izikhulu Russian senziwa fur Sable, iyona ukudla okubalulekile kakhulu kuzo zonke izimakethe European.

ukudla

Kusukela esisekelweni ezolimo Russia kwaba ukulima olimekayo, ekudleni kwabantu abavamile ikakhulu lalinabashumayeli isinkwa futhi ezihlukahlukene okusanhlamvu (ibhali, ukolweni, rye, namabele). ukubaluleka yabo ngenxa yokuphila Eastern lwamaSlav eyamshukumisela. Isinkwa kuncike kulokho abavubukuli baye bathola amathoyizi zezingane ngesimo isinkwa. ukuhluleka Nqampuna ayebhekwa inhlekelele enkulu, siwumphumela kudingekile okwaba isifo okwandile.

Inyama ukudla bendawo lalinabashumayeli yenkukhu nemfuyo. Sekuyisikhathi eside Leli dolobhana walondoloza isiko lasendulo kuyinto inyama ihhashi. Ingxenye ebalulekile yokuphikelela itafula ikhaya babe nemikhiqizo yobisi, kuhlanganise ushizi. impi ngemibono yeSonto ngokumelene ubuqaba abathintekayo ekudleni. Ngokwesibonelo, ushizi efanayo sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi Pudding ngokwesiko. Abapristi bazama ukulungisa ukudla emhlambini wakhe ngosizo okuthunyelwe ahlukahlukene.

Fish etafuleni Sturgeon ikakhulukazi lwesayensi (kuyaziwa ukuthi izikhulu Novgorod babe "osetrenniki", okuyinto zathathwa kusukela izinhlanzi Lobel izintela sturgeons). Tibhidvo ezinkulu yilezi itheniphu kanye iklabishi. isiko Ukudla zangaphambi Mongol Russia, ngamafuphi, kancane ukushintsha zonke ezinye imikhakha yokuphila lwesiSlavic. izinongo bendabuko usinamoni, uviniga, amantongomane, anise, Mint, pepper. Ububi lo sawoti angahlubula out nhlekelele yesizwe. Lo mkhiqizo isihloko intandokazi nokuqagela abahwebi.