UHerodotus wavula ngokuma kwezwe? umnikelo Usosayensi ukuba isayensi

Esikoleni, wafundiswa ngamunye kudingeka eyala isofthiwe, kuhlanganise umlando nokuma kwezwe. Futhi-ke, wonke umuntu wezwa isihambi esingumGreki uHerodotus, ogama abalandeli omnikeza clichés libhaliswe "obaba yomlando" ngezizathu zokuthi usosayensi wabhala umsebenzi voluminous of the gama elifanayo. Zama ukuqonda ngalokhu kugomela, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukwazi ukuthi wayethole e isimo sendawo uHerodotus.

Imininingwane omlando womuntu

indoda Progressive isikhathi sakhe, isazi-mlando nesazi sokuma komhlaba, isihambi lokuqala - yilokho kwaba uHerodotus edume. Umlando wakhe iqukethe ezinye izikhala ngenxa izenzakalo oneminyaka engu-abalulekile, kodwa ulwazi oluyisisekelo iyatholakala. UHerodotus wazalwa ngo koloni ngesiGreki Doric, le Halicarnassus lasendulo (Bodrum yesimanje). Usuku kungenzeka kakhulu lokuzalwa usosayensi ibhekwa njengezwekazi 484 BC. e.

Umkhaya lapho umfana wakhuliswa, kwaba edumile kakhulu futhi inikezwe, kokuba uxhumano eziningi. Leli qiniso wavumela uHerodotus abasha ukuze nithole imfundo enhle ngesikhathi. Rio umama nobaba ikhotha waletha enye indodana - uTheodore. nethonya elinamandla endleleni izimo zengqondo akuthandayo of the mfana Paniasis isihlobo sakhe, owayeyilungu imbongi edumile.

Scientific amagugu endulo

Uma kungenjalo amabili Izimpi Persian, phakathi okuyinto uHerodotus wazalwa, biography kanye isiphetho le nsizwa kwakuyoba ezahlukene. Ngolunye usuku wanquma ukwenza indaba eningiliziwe izimpi yamaGreki isiPheresiya ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuchaza ukuziphatha, amasiko, imininingwane ezindawo ka the sezwe, lapho benza isinqumo vakashela. On usosayensi ukuhamba ilukuluku kwaphoqa, uvele ngemva kokutadisha izinganekwane, ukuba nolwazi ngaso kuyo wafunda logogriph. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayefuna ukubona ngamehlo ami siqu, ukubukeka kwezwe etholakalayo ukuze kuboniswe ngaleyo nkathi.

Eyokuqala zanquma ukuthatha umsebenzi enemininingwane echaza izici eyinhloko okuvela futhi ngesikhathi impi ibambene phakathi kwamaGreki nabalimi namaPheresiya, kwaba uHerodotus. Iqhaza ekuthuthukiseni lwesifundo wenza endleleni: ukwenza ngobuqotho kwamabhuku zonke, kwakudingekile ukuba uvakashele emazweni amaningi. Lokhu ngokugcwele kubonakala emsebenzini odumile uHerodotus ( "Umlando") kuyinto amabhuku 9 anamagama zomculo esikhundleni amagama.

amanothi Persian

Okuningi yomsebenzi wakhe uzinikele incazelo yezwe, amasiko landscape nezici sezulu, iyunithi kwezombusazwe nakwezenkolo. UHerodotus wathatha uhambo engamashumi amabili phezu uthi e-Asia Minor, nasePheresiya. Emigwaqeni lala mazwe zazivunyelwa ukuhambahamba emhlabeni ngaphandle kokwesaba, njengoba ivikeleke kahle futhi isihambi has izindawo ezifanele. Ngaphandle isidingo amathuluzi, usosayensi, cishe ngempela nice ukuhamba zingakaze zibe yini ukungakhululeki. Ngenxa incazelo eningiliziwe endaweni kanye namasiko ukuthi wahlangana endleleni yakhe, ngokusekelwe uHerodotus impumelelo geography. Lona usosayensi kuphela owenza usebenzisa abantu besikhathi ungathola umqondo we-oda izwe lasendulo nolwazi lwangempela womhlaba.

Wayelethwa ngemoto emgwaqweni esuka e-Efesu eShushani, iBhabhiloni Elikhulu oboné sokuthuthwa kwempahla kanye izakhiwo awo amakhulu, umtapo omkhulu, izingadi kanye namahlelo okweqile, kwaba Ektabane, inhloko-dolobha ye-Media State. Mhlawumbe samanje Gerodot e-Asiriya abhubhisa. Konke lokhu okulotshwe encwadini, okuyinto kuhlelwe futhi adalwe uHerodotus ngokucophelela. Umnikelo ekuthuthukiseni usosayensi geography-galikarnastsa esobala okungahloliwe.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, wavumelana uchaza amasiko namaPheresiya: bakha amathempeli onkulunkulu onkulunkulu akazange ukunikeza ukubukeka komuntu, ayethanda inyama nezithelo zewayini, piously ahlonishwe ilungelo lokuphila futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo edelelekile abanochoko, uwabheka balahlwe. NamaPheresiya ngaphezu kwakho konke zenani nobuhlakani bezempi.

Okuningi ngafunda isazi, ukuvakashela le ndawo. Kodwa lokhu kumane nje kuyingxenye yomthwalo nalokho okwembulwa isimo sendawo uHerodotus.

UHerodotus ezweni imibhoshongo

Kodwa galikarnasets elide kakhulu ayehlala eGibhithe. Ngakho waqoqa ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe mayelana izici sezulu yalesi sifunda Afrika: uzamcolo Nile, nesomiso. Wachaza libonwe bomdabu izidalwa eziphilayo bakhe: izingwenya, izinyoni kanye izimvubu. Ngatadisha izimangaliso zamanje zezwe: imibhoshongo kanye Sphinx, wafunda, sivela kubapristi ayisisekelo eGibhithe lasendulo, futhi ngisho uqobo kulinganiswa mbhoshongo ka Cheops. UHerodotus was dolobhakazi yamakhosi, wabona Meridovo echibini, eduze kwayo kuleyo minyaka engu Maze for kwamakamelo afinyelela ayizinkulungwane 3. Lesi sakhiwo Okwangimangaza ngokukhethekile usosayensi, okuyinto Yiqiniso, kubonakala emsebenzini yayo yendawo zomlando. Ngakho, konke ivulekile uHerodotus eGibhithe, baba yinto eyigugu emhlabeni wonke.

Ngemva eGibhithe, yena wavakashela Libya. Lapho, wafunda izimpilo abakhileyo ehlane. Kamuva, uyaqiniseka ukuthi ulwandle bayovuka Aleksandriya, usosayensi waya Saudi Arabia, kodwa cishe ukuthola umhlangano esiwugwadule kakhulu yabantu engokwenkolo kuleli zwe, waphoqwa ukuba ubuyele.

Journey ISCYTHIA

Sailing oLwandle Olumnyama, usosayensi uye efakwe ohlwini emifuleni eminingi nge nemingenela egeleza kuwo, wavakashela amakoloni ngesiGreki, esisogwini loMfula Euxine, kodwa into kuphela owavula uHerodotus geography. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, lo "uyise womlando" uye wathatha uhambo eside kuze kube selizweni ISCYTHIA (ichopho eliseningizimu ye-Ukraine). Le ndawo yahlaselwa sokuma: ebusika eside ehlobo liyana, iqhwa, okuyinto uHerodotus nakancane, emaqeleni elikhulu emathafeni. Kusukela amaSkithe uHerodotus ngezwa okuningi izinganekwane, ezifana abantu igolide uneso ophilayo enyakatho. Wayeqaphela nokuthi kukhona onamandla, kwemifula ejulile, okungadingi ngempela zivela ezintabeni, wayefundiswe kusukela ebuntwaneni. Ngaze ngezwa ngalokhu izizwe abahlala eduze nalapho: abazingeli Ural futhi agripei. Uzomangala ukuthola ukuthi, watshelwa mayelana izakhamuzi esise-Ural, Urals, futhi kanye uHerodotus wafunda mayelana nohlobo lezo zindawo: amahlathi, egcwele izilwane noboya-ebizwa, izintaba, amahle engafinyeleleki. Galikarnasets nawo ezwa ukuthi ezingxenyeni ezikude zenyakatho iyona okuphakade ukuba yedwa abandayo futhi, futhi ebusika ihlala izinyanga eziyisithupha. Kungenxa ISCYTHIA, uHerodotus ukufunda lezi zinto ukumelwa esingenantengo ezindawo bese wabelane nabo emhlabeni.

UHerodotus wavakashela Colchis (Georgia yesimanje), aseBalkan, kuhlanganise eningizimu ye-Italy, futhi wafika ekupheleni kwezwe, etholakala, ngokuvumelana ukumelwa ngokunqoba kwamaGreki asendulo, e-India. Isazi-mlando kwaba ingcebo washaqeka namasiko abantu izwe lase-Asia. Wachaza amasiko futhi imikhuba amaNdiya, ongaziwa, ngokombono wakhe, izitshalo notshani (bamboo irayisi), izihlahla, eliphumela ifomu yoboya amabhola, kanye imali enkulu igolide. Ngakho-ke, inhlangano yokuqala, okumele kwenzeke ngemva kokusho igama uHerodotus - geography. Kafushane ngokuthinta Ukuzula bakhe, kungenzeka ukuba bafinyelele iziphetho thazeka yomsebenzi wakhe.

lokungcolisa ezindawo

Uma ucabanga ukuthi endulo lo hambo noma izinjongo nolaka noma ukuthengisa, kungashiwo ukuthi uHerodotus lokuqala eyasungulwa ezokuvakasha ezemfundo. UHerodotus wavula ngokuma kwezwe:

• kuqala wachaza ngokuningiliziwe isithombe wangempela waleli zwe ngalezo zikhathi;
• wenza imicengezi ikhadi Azov, iCaspian kanye Black eziseNingizimu;
• Waqoqa ulwazi mayelana nokuphila we Sarmatians namaSkithe, okuyinto kamuva wasiza kumbiwa;
• wathola wasenganekwaneni uhlanga zesifazane: i Amazons;
• sokuma lokuqala, owachaza isimo sezwe kanye nezici waseGibhithe lasendulo emifuleni;
• Ngatadisha iNhlonhlo Yamazwe AseBalkan;
• Wawusho imingcele ecumene (indawo eyaziwa) uhlonzwe esishintshashintshayo ezintathu zezulu: esenyakatho (ISCYTHIA), yesibili, endaweni eMedithera, futhi eyesithathu - yeNyakatho Afrika nase-Arabhiya;
• wachaza izimpawu, amasiko, izinganekwane, Umlando wamazwe amaningi.

Ezikhathini zasendulo, kwaba nenkolelo yokuthi izwe ezilinganiselwe, ngakho uHerodotus, ngokuba ungumuntu othanda izinto ezibonakalayo, hhayi ukuzama ukubheka "phezu konqenqema", ukulihlola kulawo mazwe, lapho okuye kwafinyelelwa.

Ngemva zokuphila olunesivunguvungu iphupho lakhe elimnandi

UHerodotus ukuphila wayegcwele uhambo, kuhlanganise hhayi mnandi kakhulu. Ngenxa yezizathu zezombangazwe, umndeni wakhe waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye ekhaya futhi uphile esiqhingini Samos. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-10 yohambo usethole ukuthula Furies eyasungulwa inzalo ka sybarites. imibiko okuphikisanayo uthi kosuku lokufa yale ndoda emangalisayo, kodwa eziningi ziyavumelana ku 424 BC. e. Umngane oSophocles intandokazi yamakhosi, isazi-mlando esidumile nesazi sokuma komhlaba, wangcwatyelwa edolobheni isikwele Furies, okwakuwuphawu lodumo olukhulu. Umbhalo on ethuneni ubala kafushane impumelelo yakhe futhi siphathelene eminye imininingwane yomlando. Ngaphezu kwalokho, cenotaphs ka uHerodotus basesimweni Pella Macedonian kanye Athens okukhulu.

Ukucabanga ekugcineni

UHerodotus akuyona nje ucezu Museum noma abantu eside engekho kusuka emakhasini izincwadi. Yini okulandiswa uHerodotus wathola ukuthi usezuze emkhakheni umlando geography, sasinjani owathola, umnikeza kwesokudla Okungamelwe futhi sikukhohlwe. Okuwukuphela usosayensi endala, ababengakholelwa ukudala incazelo eyodwa ingxenye yezwe, futhi kusukela izingcezwana ukusungulwa lonke. Ngakho-ke, "umlando" yakhe akukhona kuphela neqhaza kuya geography njengoba isayensi, kodwa futhi awusona ukwaziwa.