Wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto Chemical: inikwe amandla noma abakhubazekile

Yini esasivutha? Lona namachibi ezivamile, kwakwakhe uphethiloli nomoya-mpilo. Kodwa zihlangana nomoya-mpilo cishe zonke izinto, futhi ukusabela kungaqali (futhi ukubonga ubuhle). Ngakho, nje okuncane reactants, kubalulekile ukuba acabangele ezinye izimo. It is waziphatha wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto zamakhemikhali.

Lokhu isayensi silula, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ke ingenye enemisebenzi kakhulu, singasebenza nemfundo ezingenakubalwa nezinqubo ezenzeka noma akwenzeki .... Lapha kuba ngenkani ukuxazulula nemithetho yaleli isayensi. imiqondo Basic wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto chemical ulula. Futhi awubonakali rebut, ngokuvumelana Einstein. Lokhu ososayensi onamakhono kokuvamile zikholelwa ukuthi lokhu iyona enokwethenjelwa kakhulu zinkolelo-mbono ezicatshangelwayo universe.

Njengoba sazi ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwayo, eziningi yezinqubo zamakhemikhali ayikwazi ngokuzenzakalelayo. Okokuqala, abacwaningi baye baqaphela ukuthi abaningi basabela ukuthi uqale bebodwa, lapho kukhululwa ukushisa zenzeka. Nokho, oyingqayizivele uxhumano nomsebenzisi ukuphendula exothermic kanye spontaneity layo, kwacaca ukuthi, kwakungenakwenzeka. Ngoba kukhona ukuphendula nezoqala ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu futhi nge ukumuncwa ukushisa, ukusabela iqala angesabi kakhulu.

Indlela kahle ukuthi kwenzekani? Ingabe imvelo ivame ukuba wehlise amandla? Nzima, amakhemikhali wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto uthi eqinisweni imvelo yethu ayithandi ubuncane amandla futhi lokudlela esiphezulu! Nokho, abanye abantu e ubumbano nemvelo.

Ingabe disorder lingachazwa ngokuthi ngokuqinile? It kuvela ukuthi kungenzeka, lisebenzisa welithi "entropy". bamakhemikhali Kwalo zesayensi ngokusankondlo ngokuthi i- "umcibisholo isikhathi". Kungani? Njengoba izinqubo nge ukwanda entropy angesabi hamba e isiqondiso eyodwa kuphela. Futhi ubanikeza engelapheki. Lezi izisekelo wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto zamakhemikhali. Ungabona umehluko kusuka izinqubo lokukhanda. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhamba amabhola e amabhiliyade ungakwazi ukuskrolela emuva kuvidiyo - futhi uyobheka ozwakalayo. Kodwa uma uzobona indlela iya ukuthomba kusukela nail noma abuyiselwe sparkler, ngokushesha uyaqaphela ukuthi lokhu akulona iqiniso, kungenzeki. Yiqiniso, lesi sibonelo ayenzelwe ukuba ibe engenamingcele, kodwa ukwanda entropy ingabe liphenduke uhlobo oluthile "umcibisholo isikhathi".

wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto Chemical athuthukile idivaysi ngabe kutholakale izinga entropy, kangakanani othile ngokwezinga umqondo zokucabangela. Kodwa kungenzeka ukubala, ngoba lesi sidingo ukwazi ushintsho ukushisa ngesikhathi yokusabela kanye lokushisa lapho ushintsho kwenzeka. Kungani izinga lokushisa acatshangelwe? Iqiniso lokuthi izinga motion izinhlayiya eduze kakhulu ezihlobene lokushisa kanye ephakeme ijubane, izinxushunxushu, funda, entropy.

Ifomu kunezinxushunxushu iningi daba - igesi. Ngakho-ke, ukusabela lapho inani igesi iyokwanda ukuqhutshwa begodu kukhula entropy. Ngokwesibonelo, nokwahlukana carbonate calcium. Kodwa ukuthola amanzi kusuka umoya-mpilo ne-hydrogen kunzima kakhulu, kusukela entropy incipha.

Uma ebalwe ifomula Gibbs amandla, it kungenziwa bazitshela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kunjani ukusabela okuphuma ngalesi lokushisa. Kodwa nje ngeke isebenze ufunde, mhlawumbe ukuze senze namanje uqalise, kudingeka kulethe noma lokushisa ethile. Izibalo akuzona engenamsebenzi, bakusekela ngokukhomba "isinqumo" ka yokusabela inikezwe. Kodwa uma wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto chemical ibonisa ukuthi ukusabela "ekhubazekile", khona-ke alikho iphuzu e ngisho ngifuna kulethe ahlupheke - namanje lutho.

Esachazwa isayensi it is esihlobene wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto jikelele, okuyinto igatsha physics, futhi uchaza izinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene izinqubo kwezwe elisizungezile. abantu curious bathole izimbangela imihlola eziningi, okuyinto abanye kuhlale kuyimfihlakalo phakade. Ithi, wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto ngisho ukufakazela ukuba khona kwamandla kaNkulunkulu ...